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Because sodium has one valance electron that it donates to chlorine because of chlorine's high electronegativity and chlorine has seven valance electrons, so it accepts one into it's valance shell. This is the octet state for both atoms and this allows opposite charged ions to be bonded together.

Cation: Na +

Anion: Cl -

Form: NaCl

Sodium chloride.

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Q: Why the formula for the compound formed when sodium and chlorine react is Na Cl and not Na Cl2?
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