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Iraq has separate communities of Sunnis and Shiites, but this is not intentional from a historical perspective. The borders of Iraq are a 20th century fabrication that does not match the historical conditions of the area.

Southern Iraq was a historical bastion of Shiite Islam. 'Ali, the Caliph seen as most proper by Shiites, had his capital in the southern Iraqi city of Kufa and was buried in the city of An-Najaf. His second son Hussein was martyred in the southern Iraqi city of Karbala. Southern Iraq was also in the Safavid orbit even though it was under Ottoman power. As a result, the repressed Shiites still continued to defy the Sunni leadership with their perceived moral high ground.

Western and Northern Iraq was in the outer edges of Turkish and Syrian control which were historically Sunni bastions. Anatolia was the base of operations for the Seljuks and Ottomans. Syria was the base of the Umayyad Empire in early Islam. This led to to the initial Sunni-making of the area and the Abbassid Empire that was founded in Baghdad further enforced Sunni gains in these regions.

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