Please see the related link below for more information on the Gaspee affair
Being charged with a crime does not make one an adult.
Question isn't very clear, but yes, you CAN be charged as an accomplice or a co-conspirator for a crime what was being planned, but for one reason or another was never committed.
Immunity.
A misdemeanor DUI implies that one has been charged with the crime. Once charged, there is no statute of limitations.
Yes, the expectation is that the crime would be dealt with under the laws of the country of origin of the astronauts. They could also be charged under Admiralty Law.
Yes - members of the military are subject to BOTH systems of justice. It is NOT double jeapordy. One is a violation of civil law the other is a violation of military law.
Yes, if both crimes are embodied in the same offense, you could be charged with more than one offense.
Generally no, however a single action may be more than one crime. Growing marijuana is almost always a state crime and is also a federal crime. Being charged by the state does not stop you from being charged by the federal government.
No one can charge you with a crime for thinking, no matter how bad your thoughts might be.
Two people can be charged with the same crime. Double Jeopardy refers to charging one person with something, the accused being found not guilty in a trial, then being charged with the same crime again - without any new evidence.
A DUI implies that one has been charged with the crime. Once charged, there is no statute of limitations and it can remain on one's record for life.
Defending another person is not a crime. You could be charged criminally if you committed assault or battery. Whether this happened is not clear from the question.