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When a subpopulation of a species is separated from another part by any form of geographical isolation the differences between individuals becomes more important to the traits of later offspring. Particularly if the isolated population has significantly fewer members than the population left behind.

If there are traits among the survivors that are asynchronous to the percentages in the original population, then the offspring may be more likely to carry those traits and thus the population may eventually shift to all have the same trait that was rare in the original population.

This is very important when dealing with environmental dangers. If the species is isolated in a colder environment, those members that survive cold better may live longer and be able to reproduce more. Their offspring, specifically those who carry traits that allow them to survive the cold easier, will survive and reproduce and their offspring may all have the trait. The original population that was left behind may not even look like the new species if the trait that was passed on was "longer hair" or "fuller feathers" or "thicker skin."

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