Yes!
Yes, it can if faulty or missing.
Having no catalytic converter installed is illegal and can cause a myriad of problems. Probably not a backfire though.
Yes, internal coolant consumption can damage a catalytic converter.
An engine that burns oil will usually foul the spark plugs. That, in turn will cause ignition misfire, higher emissions and likely damage the catalytic converter.
No, the catalytic converter is downstream from the EGR valve so it has no effect on it.
An engine that burns oil will usually foul the spark plugs. That, in turn will cause ignition misfire, higher emissions and likely damage the catalytic converter.
Yes
No, the catalytic converter has nothing whatsoever to do with your defrost system.
A bad catalytic converter can cause hard starts if it has become clogged. This produces excessive back pressure in the engine.
Yes, the Taurus can run without the catalytic converter--it is not necessarily good for the engine, but disconnecting it will cause it to fail emissions testing. If you've seen the Honda Civics running around smoking like a factory, this is caused by no electrolytic converter. The O2 sensor could be in the exhaust pipe between the manifold and converter.
A bad coil can damage a converter. If the engine is misfiring, it will cause raw fuel to get into the converter and that can cause failure.
That depends on the engine and the fuel you've used. If the engine starts burning oil a catalytic converter can fail rapidly. Some fuel additives can also cause a catalytic converter to fail prematurely.