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the bacterial cell reproduces the bacterial chromosome that the human gene codes for.
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or a bridge-like link between two cells. In bacteria, it is a parasexual way of reproduction. It's a horizontal gene transfer process, like transformation and transduction, but it doesn't entail cell-to-cell communication.
Inside bacterial cells, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is typically encoded by a gene that can be introduced into the bacterial genome or expressed on a plasmid. The gene consists of coding sequences that allow the production of the GFP protein, which fluoresces green when exposed to specific wavelengths of light. The gene is regulated by bacterial promoters and terminators to control its expression level. The GFP protein is then synthesized within the bacterial cell and can be visualized using fluorescence microscopy or other techniques.
Bacterial cell wall is made of peptidoglycan(a polymer consisting of both sugars and amino acids). So, when the bacterial cells along with the recombinant DNA is subjected to high temperature and suddenly brought down to low temperature(almost immediately - after 2mins), the protein structure gets denatured. By this, there form pores large enough for the recombinant DNA to enter the cell and express the desired gene when required.
1. Scientists remove plasmids, small rings of DNA, from bacterial cells. 2. An enzyme cuts open the plasmid DNA. The same enzyme removes the human insulin gene from its chromosome. 3. The human insulin gene attaches the open ends of the plasmid to form a closed ring. 4. Some bacterial cells take up the plasmids that have the insulin gene. 5. When cells reproduce, the news cells will contain copies of the engineered plasmid. The foreign gene directs the cell to produce human insulin.
the bacterial cell reproduces the bacterial chromosome that the human gene codes for.
a copy of the inserted gene
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or a bridge-like link between two cells. In bacteria, it is a parasexual way of reproduction. It's a horizontal gene transfer process, like transformation and transduction, but it doesn't entail cell-to-cell communication.
Inside bacterial cells, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is typically encoded by a gene that can be introduced into the bacterial genome or expressed on a plasmid. The gene consists of coding sequences that allow the production of the GFP protein, which fluoresces green when exposed to specific wavelengths of light. The gene is regulated by bacterial promoters and terminators to control its expression level. The GFP protein is then synthesized within the bacterial cell and can be visualized using fluorescence microscopy or other techniques.
Bacterial cell wall is made of peptidoglycan(a polymer consisting of both sugars and amino acids). So, when the bacterial cells along with the recombinant DNA is subjected to high temperature and suddenly brought down to low temperature(almost immediately - after 2mins), the protein structure gets denatured. By this, there form pores large enough for the recombinant DNA to enter the cell and express the desired gene when required.
Protein that the human gene codes for
I think it's proteins :)
1. Scientists remove plasmids, small rings of DNA, from bacterial cells. 2. An enzyme cuts open the plasmid DNA. The same enzyme removes the human insulin gene from its chromosome. 3. The human insulin gene attaches the open ends of the plasmid to form a closed ring. 4. Some bacterial cells take up the plasmids that have the insulin gene. 5. When cells reproduce, the news cells will contain copies of the engineered plasmid. The foreign gene directs the cell to produce human insulin.
1) There are certain aspects of gene expression that are different in eukaryotes and bacteria. The difference can be fixed with an expression vector, a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted in the correct reading frame. The bacterial host cell will recognize the promoter and continue to express the foreign gene that is linked to that promoter. 2) Another problem is the presence of non-coding regions, introns, that are in most eukaryotic genes. The intorns make the gene very long and prevents the correct expression of the gene by bacterial cells. [Remember: bacteria does not have the RNA-splicing machinery] This problem is overcome by using a cDNA for of the gene, which includes exons.
gene that codes for a specific protein
Smallest to largest: Gene (a place on a chromosome); chromosome (there are 46 in human cells); and DNA (because it accounts for all the genetic material in a cell).
1.Cleaving DNA The source chromosomes is cut into fragments of DNA.2.Producing recombinant DNA The DNA fragments containing the desired gene are inserted into viral or bacterial DNA. The recombinant DNA is then allowed to infect the target cells.3.Cloning cells infected cells are allowed to reproduce.Growing a large number of identical cells from one cell is known as cloning.4.Screening target cells Targets cells that have received the particular gene of interest are isolated.