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The first ionization energy is the energy that is required in order to remove the first electron from an atom in the GAS phase, the second ionization energy is the energy required to remove the second electron from an atom in the GAS phase. Ionization energy will generally increase for every electron that is removed and increases from left to right in the periodic table and moving up the periods.
You have to consider what is the material in question first. Any radiation with energy greater than the ionization energies of the atoms involved with the material of absorption will cause ionization. Take silicon solar cells. A photon (sun spectrum) with energy >~ 1.1 eV will generate an electron-hole pair. UV light (3 - 120 eV) may incur ionization on a human's skin. The higher the energy of the particle, the more likely an ionization will occur. Fortunately, the higher the particle energy, the less likely the particle can penetrate too deep to cause major damage.
Atoms of alkaline metals: Rb, Cs, Fr, K, Na, Li. They have a low ionization potential. This potential is expressed in kJ/mol - molar ionization energy and is different for the first, second, third...n electron.
The higher the orbital an electron has the higher its energy and the more likely it is to react.
The answer to that would be: An Electron Cloud Model
the energy is require to remove an electron from an atom (ionization energy) but when electron is absorbed in an atom energy is released (electron affinity) however 2nd electron affinity is endothermic ,energy is require.
The first ionization energy is the energy that is required in order to remove the first electron from an atom in the GAS phase, the second ionization energy is the energy required to remove the second electron from an atom in the GAS phase. Ionization energy will generally increase for every electron that is removed and increases from left to right in the periodic table and moving up the periods.
let's say sodium loses an electron and becomes smaller sodium atom (Na) : [Ne]3s^1 => sodium ion (Na^+) : [Ne]now lets say a chlorine ion gains an electron and therefore becomes largerchlorine atom (Cl) : [Ne]3s^1 3p^5 => chlorine ion (Cl-) : [Ne]3s^2 3p^6see how chlorine becomes negative?ionization-energy: energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. For example, 8.64 X 10^-19 J is required to remove an electron from a gaseous lithium atom. The energy required to remove the first electron from an atom is called the first ionization energy. Therefore, the first ionization energy of lithium equals 8.64 X 10^-19 J. The loss of the electron results in the formation of a Li^+ion.In other words, ionization-energy is how strongly an atom's nucleus holds onto its valence electrons. High ionization-energy means it has a strong hold while low ion... means it has a weak hold. Such atoms are likely to form positive ions.to answer your question directly: Because an atom with a high ionization-energy holds onto its valence electrons, and therefore are less likely to give up its electrons and become positive (because when an atom's nucleus lets go of an electron, it automatically becomes positive).
because ionization energy increases from left to right on the periodic table. Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to take an electron away from the atom, or the energy needed to ionize it. Since Sodium is more likely to give up an ion to complete the octet rule, it has a higher ionization energy.
you can think of it like a magnet.A magnet with a peice of metal stuck to it.The harder it is to pull a peice of metal away from it (ionization energy), that means that it has more pull on the metal and will pull peices of metal with more force(electron affinity).
You have to consider what is the material in question first. Any radiation with energy greater than the ionization energies of the atoms involved with the material of absorption will cause ionization. Take silicon solar cells. A photon (sun spectrum) with energy >~ 1.1 eV will generate an electron-hole pair. UV light (3 - 120 eV) may incur ionization on a human's skin. The higher the energy of the particle, the more likely an ionization will occur. Fortunately, the higher the particle energy, the less likely the particle can penetrate too deep to cause major damage.
nonmetal with high electronegativity.
Nobel gases
First an explanation in terms of ionization energy and electron affinity: Metals have low ionization energies and readily form ions. Non-metals have high electron affinities- so put them together and electron transfer is favourable. Two bonded non metals are generally covalent- their ionization energies are high. Now an explanation in terms of electronegativity (electronegativity is related to ionization energy and elctron affinity) metals have low electronegativity- non metals are comparativelly high. So electron transfer is likely. Just a cautionary word about compounds of non metals never being ionic-- what about PBr5- a binary compound of two non metals- in the solid state this has the structure PBr4+ Br-...bit of a cheat really as there is a polyatomic ion in there but it is ionic!
Atoms of alkaline metals: Rb, Cs, Fr, K, Na, Li. They have a low ionization potential. This potential is expressed in kJ/mol - molar ionization energy and is different for the first, second, third...n electron.
The higher the orbital an electron has the higher its energy and the more likely it is to react.
energy levels