Definetly not copyright. Names, titles, and common words/phrases are not eligible for copyright protection. There have however, been several instances of "the Nation" being registered as a trademark, most notably by the weekly publication (registration #0327809)
The phrase "Steeler Nation" would not qualify for copyright protection. It may, however, be registered as a trademark.
Generally, the text on a bumper sticker would be too short to qualify for copyright protection.
No; names are too short to qualify for copyright protection. They may however have trademark their name, which would require you to get a license; if an endorsement is implied, that would also require permission.
Generally a trademark wouldn't additionally require a copyright statement; the (tm) or (R) indication would cover it.
You can copyright a work, but generally not a story title. In any case, you don't have to go anywhere to copyright. Copyright ownership is automatic, because of the work done. Unless a copyright was sold or gifted you need a proof that you did the work to claim a copyright but nothing more than that.
you can neither trademark nor copyright a body treatment. You could trademark the name of the treatment or copyright an illustration, written description, or film of the treatment. To protect a method of operation you would have to seek a patent.
None. you wouldn't copyright the copyright symbol, you would trademark it.
No. You could copyright a drawing or photograph of the logo but the logo itself would have to be protected as a trademark.
Better? It is certainly "different". Copyright lasts for a fixed period. Trademark lasts as long as the owner continues to use it. You can have trademark rights on things that cannot be protected by copyright and vice versa.
You would be more likely to want to trademark it. See below for current US trademark fees.
You would want an agreement with the manufacturer specifying that you retain copyright in the design. Then once you are using it in trade, register it with the trademark office.
Trademark because it has the "r" with the circle after the title, which means it is federally registered as a trademark. If it was copyrigh, it would have the "c" with the circle.