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The debate in Congress over Reconstruction centered on how to reintegrate the Southern states after the Civil War and the extent of rights and protections to be granted to newly freed African Americans. Radical Republicans advocated for strict measures, including civil rights protections and military oversight of Southern states, while more moderate members favored a quicker reconciliation that would restore Southern states with fewer conditions. Key issues included the balance of power between the federal government and states, the protection of civil rights, and the political future of the South. This contentious debate ultimately led to significant legislation, including the Reconstruction Acts, but also to deep divisions that would continue to affect American society.

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