The failure of the Carter Presidency (and in large part the Iran hostage crisis the he failed to resolve) led to the sweeping election of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980 elections. When the 97th Congress convened in January 1981, the Republicans controlled the Senate, and the Democrats the House of Representatives. Since the Senate and White House hold more power than the House alone, the Republicans had more political control.
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The Whigs became the Liberals which eventually merged with the SDP to become the modern Liberal Democrats
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Probably Uk-Uk of the Oompa Clan. In other words, politics has been with us since before we had language, so there was no "first" leader of a party. Ultimately, parties are nothing more than factions within a polity who band together to advance a common agenda, usually an economic one. It's good to remember in these election years, that nothing in our Constitution authorizes political parties. They just grew up like weeds. If you can convince one friend to say, "I think so, too" whenever you make a statement, congratulations: you're the leader of a political party.
Political parties in the U.S. are highly decentralized and "weak" (according to most political scientists). This is likely because of the primary system combined with a first-past-the-post electoral system, in which voters from individual districts choose the nominee for each party. This allows voters to choose who most reflect their values (like pro-gun, anti-abortion Democrats in the South). In the UK, where the parties are much stronger and more centralized, the leadership of the parties choose the nominees for each district -- the voters get no say. This lends itself to party members falling in line with the wants of the party leaders much more. John McCain and Arlen Specter are basically impossible in the UK.
The Party Whip (UK)