The role of a Supreme Court justice is to interpret the constitution, not make (or change) law or impose one's personal preferences or views. Therefore, upon examination of the constitution as it relates to a particular case, a justice may conclude that a previously held view is not constitutional. This is, of course, in an ideal system. Supreme Court justices are human.
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Quite a lot of presidents have been elected directkly or indirectly because of war, but the obvious cases are Washington, Grant and Eisenhower.
Courts caseload are pending lawsuits (court cases) filed by the Plaintiffs against a Defendant and are waiting to be heard from a court appointed judge.
Individuals that are the head of each executive department usually are the directors or vice presidents of those respective departments in most of these cases.
They wanted the court to be nonpartisan and not be swayed by political parties. The idea of the court would have the final decision in cases concerning laws and if they are constitutional.