Egypt.
It is important to note that the Mamluks never controlled all of the territory in modern-day Egypt or modern-day Syria. However, the Mamluks controlled Cairo and Damascus by the beginning of the 13th century.
The Mamluks were the slave army of the Abbassids. They were often used to defend the Caliphate. Eventually, however, they rose up in revolt and created their own empires.
The Slave Dynasty is also referred to as the Mamluk Dynasty because its rulers were primarily of slave origin, known as "mamluks," which means "owned" in Arabic. These were typically Turks or Central Asians who were enslaved and later rose to power in the Indian subcontinent. The dynasty was established by Qutb al-Din Aibak in the 13th century and is notable for its military prowess and the establishment of significant architectural landmarks in Delhi. The term "Mamluk" highlights the unique background of its rulers, who transitioned from being slaves to sovereigns.
The Mongols failed to conquer Egypt primarily due to their overextended supply lines and the logistical challenges of maintaining a prolonged campaign in such a distant region. Additionally, the Mamluks, a formidable military class in Egypt, effectively resisted Mongol advances, notably defeating them at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. This loss marked a significant turning point, halting Mongol expansion into North Africa and solidifying Mamluk power in the region. Furthermore, the Mongol Empire was also facing internal strife and division, which weakened their military focus and resources.
Egypt.
It is important to note that the Mamluks never controlled all of the territory in modern-day Egypt or modern-day Syria. However, the Mamluks controlled Cairo and Damascus by the beginning of the 13th century.
The Mamluks won
The Mamluks in Egypt were able to successfully defeat the MONGOLS at the Battle of Ain Jalut, in modern-day Israel.
mamluks
It was the Mamluks. A Mamluk was a soldier who converted to Islam, over time they became a powerful military. It was one of the only battles the Mongols lost. Wikipedia: Mamluks
The Mamluks were the slave army of the Abbassids. They were often used to defend the Caliphate. Eventually, however, they rose up in revolt and created their own empires.
The Mamluks from Egypt.
The Mamluks successfully defeated the Mongol conquerors under the leadership of Kitbuqa (the second-in-command to Hülegü Khan) at the Battle of Ain Jalut in modern-day Israel.
Both groups converted to the dominant religion of the land they conquered.
First used at the battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 by the Mamluks.
Yes. While the Russians did rise up against the Khanate of the Golden Horde (which controlled parts of what is now Russia and the "Stans" and proceeded to expand their territory by fighting the Khanate, the answer with the Mamluks needs more tweaking. The Mamluks did exist during the time of the Abbassids. The Mamluks referred to Turkish slaves that eventually took up arms for themselves. They rose up against the Abbassids when they were weak and created their own government in the Levant and Egypt. Eventually, Ottomans defeated them and their forces became part of the Ottoman Empire's armies. The Mamluks rose up against Ottoman authority at a time (1700s) when the Ottomans were beginning to lose ground and prominence in Europe and the Janissaries were taking a larger stake in Imperial Affairs. This Mamluk Rebellion was swiftly crushed.