To determine the hybridization of a carbon atom (or similar atoms), examine its bonding and geometry. If the atom forms two bonds and has no lone pairs, it is sp hybridized, resulting in a linear shape. If it forms three bonds and/or has one lone pair, it is sp² hybridized, leading to a trigonal planar arrangement. Lastly, if it forms four bonds and has no lone pairs, it is sp³ hybridized, resulting in a tetrahedral geometry.
sp3 is better
sp3,sp2,sp, these are covalent
sp carbons are more electronegative. The larger the 's' character of the atom, the closer the electrons are held to the nucleus. sp3 carbons are the least electronegative as the 'p' character forces the electrons to exist further from the nucleus, decreasing electronegativity.
In an sp hybridization, the sp3 orbitals are arranged at angles of 180 degrees from each other, resulting in a linear configuration. The sp3 orbitals are not separate entities, but they form a single hybrid orbital.
The bond angle for sp3 hybridized atoms (single bonds) is approximately 109.5 degrees. For sp2 hybridized atoms (double bonds), the bond angle is approximately 120 degrees. In the case of sp hybridized atoms (triple bonds), the bond angle is around 180 degrees.
// sparse matrix addition.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application. // #include "stdafx.h" #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void read_sp_matrix(int sp[100][100]); void add_sp_matrix( int sp1[100][100],int sp2[100][100],int sp3[100][100]); void print_sp_matrix(int sp[100][100]); int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { int sp1[100][100],sp2[100][100],sp3[100][100],sp[100][100],i,j,k,r,c; printf("Enter the first sparse matrix row size,column size & number of non zero elements"); read_sp_matrix(sp1); printf("Enter the second sparse matrix row size,column size & number of non zero elements"); read_sp_matrix(sp2); printf("You entired the first sparse matrix \n"); print_sp_matrix(sp1); printf("You entired the second sparse matrix \n"); print_sp_matrix(sp2); printf("Result of sparse matrix addition \n"); add_sp_matrix(sp1,sp2,sp3); print_sp_matrix(sp3); getch(); } void read_sp_matrix(int sp[100][100]) { int i,j,k,r,c,t; scanf("d%d",&sp[0][0],&sp[0][1],&sp[0][2]); r=sp[0][0]; c=sp[0][1]; k=1; printf("Enter the sparse matrix elements \n"); for(i = 0; i < r; i++) { for(j = 0; j < c; j++) { scanf("%d",&t); if(t != 0) { sp[k][0] = i; sp[k][1] = j; sp[k][2] = t; k++; } } } } void add_sp_matrix(int sp1[100][100],int sp2[100][100],int sp3[100][100]) { int i,j,k,t1,t2,x; t1 = sp1[0][2]; t2 = sp2[0][2]; i=j=k=1; if((sp1[0][0] !=sp2[0][0])&&(sp1[0][1] !=sp2[0][1])) { printf("Invalid matrix ,try to correct \n"); goto x; } while((i <= t1)&&(j <= t2)) { if(sp1[i][0] < sp2[j][0]) { sp3[k][0] = sp1[i][0]; sp3[k][1] = sp1[i][1]; sp3[k][2] = sp1[i][2]; k++; i++; } else if(sp1[i][0] > sp2[j][0]) { sp3[k][0] = sp2[j][0]; sp3[k][1] = sp2[j][1]; sp3[k][2] = sp2[j][2]; k++; j++; } if((sp1[i][0] sp2[0][1]) { s = sp1[i][2] + sp2[j][2]; if(s != 0) { sp3[k][0] = sp1[i][0]; sp3[k][1] = sp1[i][1]; sp3[k][2] = sp1[i][2] + sp2[j][2]; k++; i++; j++; x++; } else { i++; j++; } } else if(sp1[i][1] > sp2[j][1]) { sp3[k][0] = sp2[j][0]; sp3[k][1] = sp2[j][1]; sp3[k][2] = sp2[j][2]; k++; j++; x++; } else { sp3[k][0] = sp1[i][0]; sp3[k][1] = sp1[i][1]; sp3[k][2] = sp1[i][2]; k++; i++; x++; } } else if(sp1[i][0] > sp2[j][0]) { sp3[k][0] = sp2[j][0]; sp3[k][1] = sp2[j][1]; sp3[k][2] = sp2[j][2]; k++; j++; x++; } else { sp3[k][0] = sp1[j][0]; sp3[k][1] = sp1[j][1]; sp3[k][2] = sp1[i][2]; k++; i++; x++; } } while(i <= t1) { sp3[k][0] = sp1[i][0]; sp3[k][1] = sp1[i][1]; sp3[k][2] = sp1[i][2]; k++; i++; x++; } while(j <= t2) { sp3[k][0] = sp2[j][0]; sp3[k][1] = sp2[j][1]; sp3[k][2] = sp2[j][2]; k++; j++; x++; } sp3[0][0] = sp1[0][0]; sp3[0][1] = sp1[0][1]; sp3[0][2] = x/*sp1[0][2]*/; int d = k-1; printf("The Resultant Matrix \n"); for(i= 0;i<=d;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { printf("%2d ",sp3[i][j]); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }
SP3 has new updates already installed than SP2
The compound HCCCHCH2 contains a triple bond and a double bond. Working along the molecule left to right the hybridisation of the carbon atoms is:-sp ;sp ; sp2 ; sp2The formula for a 4 carbon chain containing an sp3 - sp single bond would beHCCCH2CH3where the hybridisation left to right issp ; sp ; sp3 ; sp3
A C-C sigma bond formed by sp2-sp2 overlap is stronger than one formed by sp3-sp3 overlap because the sp2 hybrid orbitals have a greater s-character (33%) compared to sp3 orbitals (25%), leading to more effective overlap and stronger bonding. This higher s-character causes the sp2-sp2 bond to be shorter and stronger than the sp3-sp3 bond.
In molecular BH3 the molecule is planar with bond angles of 120o so the hybridisation of the central boron atom is sp2. In the dimer B2H6 the molecule has two bridging hydrogens. The hybridisation of each boron is approxomately sp3 and each bridge has a 3 centre B-H-B bond formed by the overlap of the sp3 orbtals on the B atoms and the s orbital on the hydrogen.
Service Pack 3 or (SP3) has more enhanced component compared to Service Pack 2 (SP2). Comments? Email at angelo.ment@gmail.com
The hybridization of carbon could vary depending on the nature of compounds. It could be sp (as in alkynes), sp2 (as in alkenes, carbonyl groups) or sp3 (as in alkanes).