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There are several types of harmonic balancers but the most common type is the elastomeric type.

With an elastomeric type balancer, a rotating mass is connectied with a rubbery substance acting as the connection. The rubbery stuff is bouncy and is calibrated in such a manner that the rebound force through the rubber (elastomer) is timed to counter the variations in speed of the crankshaft.

Look at it this way, the crankshaft of a reciprocating engine changes speed in a a construction of overlapping sine waves as it accelerated during any power stroke and decelerated during all other strokes.

This produces a compression wave (like sound) which is slowed through the elasomer (rubber) and them bounced back (echoed) by the rotating mass (typically a belt drive pulley). As the wave returns to the crankshaft, it produces a destructive interference effect to stabilize cranshaft rotation speed and thus reduced crankshaft speed variation.

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