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The elevation of the treeline varies with several factors, including but not limited to:

latitude

rainfall

species of tree

prevailing winds

the type of soil

slope face ( i.e. the tree line might differ by 500 ft on opposites sides of the same mountain)

The main reason trees can't survive at high elevations or latitudes close to the poles is because they need relatively warm summer temperatures in order to grow. In parts of the Andes in Bolivia, the tree line can be as high as 4,000-5,000m / roughly 13,000-17,000ft. By contrast, in the mountains of New England, trees will not grow above 5,000 ft. because summers in New England don't get very hot. The difference is, when you go up in elevation, the temperatures in South America have a lot more room to fall before they can no longer support trees. In the Arctic, trees don't grow at any elevation- another way to think of it is the tree line drops all the way to sea level.

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