Mercator and Lambert projections are commonly used by (Ship) navigators and aircraft pilots and navigators, supplemented by GPs and other electronic aids. the Lambert system produces a compact circular (sectional) chart easily slipped into instrument housings like bomb sights, drift meters, etc, it is graduated in azimuth, hence making targeting of landmarks easy. in soe models the operators make adustemnts to keep the target destination in the center of the cross hairs- this is on a map, not the actual ground. the projection is as similar as possible so when the Bombardier takes the sights- the image will be familiar!
The type of map used by sailors is known as a chart. A pilot would use an aerial map or chart.
Polar Projections
distortion
A map projection is a flat representation of the Earth's global surface. There are for different types of projections-- those that focus on distance, those that focus on direction, those that focus on area, and those that focus on shape. Conformal map projections are the type that show the correct size of continents but distort area size.
A map that preserves both shape and size is known as an equidistant map projection. This type of projection maintains distances accurately, allowing for both shape and scale to be represented correctly. However, it's important to note that while some projections can preserve shape (like conformal projections) or size (like equal-area projections), few can do both simultaneously across the entire map. As a result, equidistant projections often compromise on one of these properties to maintain the other.
Barway pilots guide
the Mercator map
Map makers are called cartographers. There are 3 generally accepted types of map projections. These are cylindrical projections, conic projects and planar projections.
The type of map used by sailors is known as a chart. A pilot would use an aerial map or chart.
Map Projections - 1977 was released on: USA: 1977
The three main types of map projections are cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal. Cylindrical projections show the Earth's surface on a cylinder, conic projections project the Earth's surface onto a cone, and azimuthal projections project the Earth's surface onto a plane. Each type has variations that can result in different map distortions.
Textbook writers typically use cylindrical or pseudo-cylindrical map projections such as the Mercator, Robinson, or Mollweide projections. These projections provide a good balance between accuracy, distortion, and ease of understanding for educational purposes.
The Mercator projection World Map is the chart which is most distorted in the polar regions. Originally developed in the mid sixteenth century it was the most popular map for marine navigators for over 400 years. It is still useful for navigation at sea but has been supplanted by newer projections, especially after the advent of aviation navigation.
Map projections are mainly derived by mathematical formulas that project the Earth's three-dimensional surface onto a two-dimensional plane. These formulas determine how geographic features like shape, scale, distance, and direction are distorted on the map. Different projections are suited for different purposes depending on the type of distortion that is most acceptable for a particular map.
Polar Projections
A composite map is produced by fitting together a series of different map projections. This technique uses the strengths of each projection to portray the entire globe with minimal distortion across different regions.
Submarines typically use a type of map projection called the Mercator projection for navigation. This projection is favored because it represents lines of constant course, or rhumb lines, as straight segments, making it easier for navigators to plot courses. However, for underwater navigation, submarines also rely on sonar and other technologies that provide real-time 3D mapping of the ocean floor, rather than solely relying on 2D map projections.