We measure distances between celestial objects (such as suns, planets, and galaxies) by a unit of measurement called "AU" which stands for, Astronomical Unit. One AU is the equivalent to 93 million miles, which is roughly the distance from earth to the sun. Let's compare that to the next closest star to us, Alpha Centauri, which is 4.4 light years away, or about 271,930 AUs!
Distances are Immense.
by using the distance from Earth to various galaxies and by calculating the ages of old, nearby stars.
The Mellaganic Clouds are two dwarf galaxies, satellite galaxies of our own Milky Way. They are "nearby" only to the extent that they are the closest galaxies to our own. Ferdinand Magellan, the leader of the first European voyage to circumnavigate the Earth, named them because they appeared to be permanent clouds in the southern sky. The Clouds aren't visible from Europe or North America.
While lightyears are used in measuring distances between galaxies and suns and the distances to extra solar planets, the measurements inside our solar system (between the planets in our solar system are miles and kilometers. The larger A.U.s (Astronomical Units) or the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun can also be used. An A.U. is equivalent to 149 598 000 kilometers.
With some luck, good eyesight, and a very dark sky, there are one or two nearby galaxies that can be seen by the naked eye as small splotches.
Parallax
Typical distances between nearby stars are in the order of a few light-years; for example, the closest star to Earth (after our Sun) is at a distance of about 4.2 light-years. Typical distances between nearby galaxies are in the order of a hundred-thousand light-years, to several million light-years. For example, the Andromeda Galaxy is at a distance of about 3 million light-years; while that's the closest large galaxy, there are several dwarf galaxies that are closer to us.
by using the distance from Earth to various galaxies and by calculating the ages of old, nearby stars.
Galaxies change very slowly.
For a start, look up "Local Group" in the Wikipedia. This will show you a list of nearby galaxies.
Nearly all galaxies are moving away from our galaxie and planet.
Shapley is the astronomer that argued that the milky way is huge and other galaxies are merely small nearby companions.
The Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud are two nearby dwarf galaxies. Two larger galaxies that are still part of our local group are the Andromeda Galaxy (a.k.a. M31), and the Triangulum Galaxy. All of the above-named galaxies can be seen with the naked eye.
Amos Yahil has written: 'The structure of the nearby universe traced by the IRAS galaxies' -- subject(s): Astronomy, Galaxies
Harold D. Ables has written: 'Optical study of nearby galaxies' -- subject(s): Astronomical photometry, Galaxies
Pieter Samuel Mulder has written: 'Structure and kinematics of two nearby disc galaxies' -- subject(s): Spiral galaxies
Most galaxies are moving away from us. Only a few galaxies, which are nearby, are moving towards us.
Astronomers use the unit of measure "Light Years" to calculate the distance between pretty much anything in the Universe.