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The energy produced by the sun is produced by the conversion of matter (mass) into energy. Albert Einstein worked out the energy equivalent of matter (mass) in his famous equation:-

E = MC2

where E= Energy, M= the mass, and C = the velocity of light (299,792,458 meters per second).

The Sun is made mainly of Hydrogen Gas (H2) and in its core (center) it is squishing together 4 Hydrogen atoms to make 1 Helium (He) - the process is called nuclear fusion. The Helium atom made has slightly less mass than the 4 Hydrogen atoms that went in to make it and the mass difference is released as energy which powers the sun.

Each second about 700,000,000 tons of hydrogen are converted to about 695,000,000 tons of helium and the 5,000,000 tons missing is equal to 3.86e33 ergs of energy in the form of gamma rays. As it travels out toward the surface, the energy is continuously absorbed and re-emitted at lower and lower temperatures so that by the time it reaches the surface, it is primarily visible light. For the last 20% of the way to the surface the energy is carried more by convection than by radiation. The Sun's power output is about 386 billion billion megaWatts and this output will continue for at least another 5000 million years.

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