It is defective. More than likely a diode it burnt out.
Weak alternator? Bad Voltage regulator? Alternator belt slipping?
Undercharge can cause HIGH superheat. Overcharge can cause LOW superheat. You need some superheat when charged correctly. How much is needed is depending on outdoor air temperature and indoor wet-bulb temperature.
Yes, it can over or undercharge the battery. If i is overcharging it can ruin the battery. If it is under charging the battery will just run down. Check the voltage at the battery with the engine running. You should read around 13.5 to 15.5 volts.
Most alternators domestic and foreign tend to run about 14.0V to 14.5V. Anything over that boils the battery and anything under that will undercharge the battery.
Assuming you are asking about the voltage regulator, the voltage regulator regulates the voltage being put out by the alternator or generator so not to overcharge or undercharge the battery and maintain the correct voltage for the electrical system. In 1964, the Lincoln voltage regulator was externally mounted. In later years it became integral with the alternator.
most likely the alternator needs attention cause it is not charging
No, it will not.
Spark plugs don't smoke. A bad alternator would cause a dead battery.
The alternator is belt driven and so is the water pump but that is where the correlation ends. There is no way a bad alternator could cause a water pump to go bad unless the alternator pulley was warped. Then there is a small chance.
A bad alternator will cause a battery to go bad. It does not have an effect on the air conditioner.
Alternator going out.
The voltage regulator in the alternator can cause issues like this when they start to go bad. The voltage regulator is an integrated part of the alternator and cannot be replaced, if it is bad, the entire alternator must be replaced.