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Born into a wealthy, socially-connected British family while they sojourned in Florence, Italy, she was named after the city of her birth. In that, she followed her older sister Parthenope, who'd received the Greek name for the city of Naples. Her parents, William Edward Nightingale and Frances Nightingale, socialites who traveled extensively, clearly had a sense of whimsy, at least insofar as their children's names was concerned. At the time of Nightingale's birth, Florence was no more common a girl's first name than was Parthenope. That change is another that can be ascribed to her life's influence.

As a child, Florence Nightingale received the standard education of a wealthy British girl of her time: languages, drawing, music, dance and other fashionable humanities. She showed her unusual interests even as a child, demanding formal study in mathematics. Appalled at such a request, her mother refused it.

Inspired by what she understood to be a divine calling, experienced first in 1837 at Embley Park and later throughout her life, Nightingale made a commitment to assuage human suffering through the care of the sick. Her decision was viewed as outright rebellion by her family, who were committed to living socially acceptable lives as members of the British upper class. In those days, nursing was a career with a poor reputation, filled mostly by women who were not only financially needy, but of questionable moral purity, including female "hangers-on" who followed the armies. While on duty, nurses were equally likely to function as cooks as to provide supportive care to the sick and wounded. Upper class ladies of nineteenth-century England did not perform the work of servants, most especially if that work entailed exposure to unclothed men and the lady was an unmarried one.

Nightingale's diaries and essays show that she was extremely concerned with being a good person. This desire to do right created an enormous conflict for her, she felt she had a sacred duty to help ease human suffering, yet she knew she had a duty to obey her parents' wishes and to bring them pride rather than shame.

Nightingale was shocked by the dismal quality of medical care for poor and indigent people. In December 1844, in response to a pauper's death in a workhouse infirmary in London that had become a public scandal, she publicly advocated improved medical care in the infirmaries and immediately engaged the support of Charles Villiers, then president of the Poor Law Board. This led to a leading role in the reform of the Poor Laws. It was also in 1844 that Nightingale would first announce her decision to enter nursing, evoking intense anger and distress from her family, particularly her mother.

Florence Nightingale was courted by politician and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, but she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to nursing.

Rather than allow their daughter to begin nursing, her parents deflected her plans with a series of European tours. So Nightingale travelled, occupying herself with writing. In 1846, she managed to visit Kaiserswerth, Germany, and to learn more of the model hospital there first-hand. Kaiserswerth was established by Theodor Fliedner and managed by an order of Lutheran deaconesses, its high standards were revolutionary for a public facility of that time. She was profoundly impressed by the quality of care and by the commitment and practices of the deaconesses.

A year later, in 1847, she suffered a nervous breakdown from the continued strain of trying to please her family despite her calling to an occupation that was generally perceived as not only unladylike but actually dirty and dangerous. In a last attempt to distract her from her persistent resolve to engage in bedside nursing, her parents sent her off to Rome. "There, Nightingale wrote the letters later published as Florence Nightingale in Rome (1981), in which she begins to develop the "religious and philosophical views that would guide her life".[1]

While in Rome she met Sidney Herbert, a politician who had been Secretary at War (1845 - 1846), a position he would hold again (1852 - 1854) during the Crimean War. Herbert was already married, but he and Nightingale were immediately attracted to each other and they became life-long close friends. Herbert was instrumental in facilitating her later work in Crimea, and she became a key advisor to him in his political career. In 1851 she rejected Milnes' marriage proposal, against her mother's wishes.

Nightingale's career in nursing began in earnest in 1851 when she received four months' training in Germany as a deaconess of Kaiserswerth. She undertook the training over strenuous family objections concerning the risks and social implications of such activity, and the Roman Catholic (rather than Protestant) foundations of the hospital. While at Kaiserswerth, she reported having the most intense and compelling experience of her divine calling.

On August 12, 1853, Nightingale took a post of superintendent at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October 1854. Her father had given her an annual income of £500 (roughly £300,000 in present terms)[2] that allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career.

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