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Ziehl-Neelsen Technique.

also know as the Hot stain.

application of heat during staining for the greater penetration of the primary stain which is the Carbolfushin.

Kinyoun techinique.

also know as the Cold stain.

Acid fast organisms can also be visualized by Flourescence Microscopy using specific flourescent dyes such as Auramine and Rhodamine.

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-iampol

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If your talking about Acid Fast staining (aka Ziehl-Neelsen staining), after the addition of the primary stain (carbol fuchsin) heat is applied in order to facilitate proper staining. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium contain large amounts of lipid substances within their cell wall called mycolic acids. These acids resist staining by ordinary methods such as gram staining (where heat is not applied after primary staining). On application of heat, the stain carbol fuschin penetrates the cell wall and stains the cells pink. Following the secondary staining (methylene blue) the acid fast positive cells appear pink while others are stained blue. Endospore staining is yet another staining technique where heat is applied after primary staining (malachite green). In this case the spores are impermeable to stains, hence heating favours proper permeation of stain. Endospores appear green while vegetative cells appear red (secondary stain saffranine). Not all staining procedures involve applying heat after primary staining. However, heat is applied before even beginning the staining procedure. This is called heat fixing, where the cells are fixed so that they are not washed away during the subsequent washing steps.


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