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Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?
Small hydrophobic molecules like steroid hormones can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, which then translocate into the nucleus to regulate gene expression.
What hormones work by direct gene activation?
Steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol work by direct gene activation. These hormones can diffuse across the cell membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences. This process leads to changes in protein synthesis and cellular function.
What hormones can enter the target cell and bind to receptors in the nucleus?
Steroid hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, are able to enter the target cell and bind to receptors in the nucleus. These hormones are lipid-soluble, allowing them to pass through the cell membrane and directly interact with nuclear receptors to regulate gene transcription.
Why does most amino acid based hormones bind to cell membrane receptors?
Most amino acid-based hormones are hydrophilic molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane. Therefore, these hormones bind to specific cell membrane receptors to initiate a signaling cascade within the cell. This binding triggers a series of events that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression, protein synthesis, or other cellular responses.
Why is a second messenger not necessary in a steroid hormone?
Steroid hormones act in the transcriptional level in the nucleus of a cell, due to their ability to travel through cell membranes (hydrophillic). Second messengers are necessary for hormones that cannot penetrate cell membranes (peptides).
Which hormone has intracellular receptors?
Steroid hormones, including estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol, have intracellular receptors. These hormones can easily pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus, where they exert their effects on gene expression.
True or false steroid hormones perform accoding to the second messenger mechanism?
steroid hormones are hydrophobic and bind to transport proteins which bind to receptors within the nucleus. hydrophillic hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors and act through second messenger systems
What is the term for hormones that are lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes?
The term for hormones that are lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes is steroid hormones. This group of hormones includes hormones like estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol, which are derived from cholesterol and can bind to intracellular receptors to exert their effects.
What type of hormones bind to receptors inside the cell?
Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones bind to receptors inside the cell. These hormones are lipid-soluble, allowing them to pass through the cell membrane and interact with intracellular receptors. Once bound, they typically influence gene expression and protein synthesis by acting on the cell's DNA. This mechanism leads to long-lasting effects on cellular function.
Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?
Small hydrophobic molecules like steroid hormones can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, which then translocate into the nucleus to regulate gene expression.
How do Steroid and protein hormones differ in how they stimulate a cell?
Steroid hormones, being lipid-soluble, can easily pass through a cell's membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, leading to direct changes in gene expression and protein synthesis. In contrast, protein hormones are water-soluble and cannot cross the cell membrane; instead, they bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways through secondary messengers. This key difference leads to distinct mechanisms of action and time frames for cellular responses.
What hormones work by direct gene activation?
Steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol work by direct gene activation. These hormones can diffuse across the cell membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences. This process leads to changes in protein synthesis and cellular function.
What is an example of a signal molecule that can bind to an intracellular receptor and thereby cause a gene to be turned on or off?
One example is the steroid hormone cortisol. Cortisol can diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors called glucocorticoid receptors. This complex can then enter the nucleus and regulate the expression of specific genes, turning them on or off.
What hormones can enter the target cell and bind to receptors in the nucleus?
Steroid hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, are able to enter the target cell and bind to receptors in the nucleus. These hormones are lipid-soluble, allowing them to pass through the cell membrane and directly interact with nuclear receptors to regulate gene transcription.
What is the difference between steroid hormones and amine hormones?
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble, allowing them to easily pass through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors, influencing gene expression. In contrast, amine hormones are derived from amino acids and are generally water-soluble, which means they typically bind to receptors on the cell surface, activating signaling pathways without directly altering gene expression. This fundamental difference in structure and solubility influences their mechanisms of action and physiological effects in the body.
Can steroid hormones enter the nucleus and influence the expression of genes?
Yes, steroid hormones can enter the nucleus and influence gene expression. They pass through the cell membrane due to their lipophilic nature and bind to specific intracellular receptors. This hormone-receptor complex then translocates to the nucleus, where it can bind to DNA and regulate the transcription of target genes, ultimately affecting protein synthesis and cellular functions.
Why are steroid hormones considered first messenger hormones?
Steroid hormones are considered first messenger hormones because they can easily pass through cell membranes due to their lipophilic (fat-soluble) nature. Once inside the target cell, they bind to specific intracellular receptors, forming a hormone-receptor complex that then influences gene expression and cellular activity. This mechanism contrasts with peptide hormones, which typically act as second messengers and require cell surface receptors to initiate their effects. Thus, steroid hormones initiate signaling pathways from within the cell itself.
