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Sometimes, when the cleaved DNA fragments both have sticky ends, they naturally anneal due to complementary base pairing. However, an enzyme called DNA Ligase is used for joining cut strands of DNA together. There is a ligase called t4 Ligase that joins blunt ends because it is stronger.

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Q: How are the cleaved DNA fragments from two sources able to recombine?
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During gel electrophoresis do long or short fragments travel more quickly toward the positive pole?

Short fragments are able to move faster (longer = heavier = slower).


If you have a restriction enzyme that cuts a piece of DNA at two recognition sites how many DNA fragments would you see on a gel?

Three.To see why, cut a piece of string in two places! Of course, strictly you would not be able to see only three fragments. You would amplify the DNA before carrying out electrophoresis. That way, you would get perhaps 200 million copies of each fragment, and they would show up. Also, you would only be able to distinguish the fragments if they were different lengths. Electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA by length.


How do you interpret electrophoresis?

In electrophoresis, DNA is subjected to an electric field which causes the genetic material to migrate in a direction from a cathode to an anode. The DNA that is closest to the anode is determined to be shorter in length compared to the DNA that is closer to the anode. This is explained by fact that the smaller fragments of DNA are better able to travel through the porous gel.


Humans raccoons and bears are omnivores - what adaptive advantage might this feeding strategy provide?

Omnivores have an adaptive advantage. This is because they are able to eat two different food sources in case one disappears.


What are the short segments produced in the formation of the 3'-5' strand of DNA called?

During DNA replication, the lagging strand is replicated ~1000 (E. coli) base pairs at a time, forming numerous "Okazaki fragments".Okazaki fragments form because polymerase is only able to replicate DNA in one direction, but DNA is double stranded, with the strands running anti parallel (in opposite directions). The polymerase waits for a region of DNA to be unwound, and while the leading strand is replicated continuously, on the lagging strand the polymerase waits until a region of single stranded DNA is produced before replicating it. This discontinous replication forms the Okazaki fragments, which can then be joined together by ligase (although a different polymerase enzyme, pol I in E. coli, is needed as well to replace the RNA primers with DNA).

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During gel electrophoresis do long or short fragments travel more quickly toward the positive pole?

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