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Why does RNA polymerase work in direction 5' to 3' not from 3' to 5'?
Any polymerase (DNA or RNA) works in the 5`-3` direction (downstream) because the 3` end contains the hydroxyl groups. The 5` phosphate binds covalently with the 3` hydroxyl group forming a phospho diester linkage.
What primer is needed at the origin of nucleotide addition?
A primer made of RNA is required at the origin of nucleotide addition for DNA replication. This primer provides a free 3' OH group for DNA polymerase to start adding nucleotides and serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
What enzyme elongates DNA?
DNA polymerase is the main enzyme responsible for elongating DNA strands during DNA replication. It catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the growing strand in a 5' to 3' direction.
What is the direction of synthesis for RNA molecules, specifically in terms of nucleotide addition from the 5' to 3' end?
RNA molecules are synthesized in a direction where nucleotides are added from the 5' end to the 3' end.
Which enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand?
DNA polymerase catalyzes the reactions that are responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction. The parent DNA strand is read in the 3' to 5' direction but the daughter strand is extended in the opposite direction.
What class of enzyme is DNA polymerase?
DNA polymerase is a catalyst, by catalyzing the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain. There are several different DNA polymerases, but DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase II play the major roles in DNA replication.
Why does RNA polymerase work in direction 5' to 3' not from 3' to 5'?
Any polymerase (DNA or RNA) works in the 5`-3` direction (downstream) because the 3` end contains the hydroxyl groups. The 5` phosphate binds covalently with the 3` hydroxyl group forming a phospho diester linkage.
What primer is needed at the origin of nucleotide addition?
A primer made of RNA is required at the origin of nucleotide addition for DNA replication. This primer provides a free 3' OH group for DNA polymerase to start adding nucleotides and serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
What enzyme elongates DNA?
DNA polymerase is the main enzyme responsible for elongating DNA strands during DNA replication. It catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the growing strand in a 5' to 3' direction.
What does the first nucleotide attach to because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to a pre-existing strand?
A primer molecule is required for DNA polymerase to initiate the addition of nucleotides. This primer provides a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin adding nucleotides in the correct sequence. Once the primer is in place, DNA polymerase can add nucleotides complementary to the template strand.
What is the direction of synthesis for RNA molecules, specifically in terms of nucleotide addition from the 5' to 3' end?
RNA molecules are synthesized in a direction where nucleotides are added from the 5' end to the 3' end.
Why are ddNTPs used for DNA sequencing?
ddNTPs (dideoxynucleotide triphosphates) are used in DNA sequencing because they lack the 3'-OH group required for the formation of phosphodiester bonds with the next nucleotide, causing DNA polymerase to terminate the DNA strand synthesis upon ddNTP incorporation. This results in the production of a series of DNA fragments with varying lengths that can be separated by size to determine the sequence of the original DNA template.
What else is released when a nucleotide is made?
When a nucleotide is made, in addition to the nucleotide itself, a pyrophosphate molecule is also released. This molecule is made up of two phosphate groups. In the process of nucleotide synthesis, pyrophosphate is cleaved from the nucleotide triphosphate, providing the energy needed for the reaction to occur.
What are the elements of DNA polymerase?
DNA polymerase III (not DNA polymerase) is an enzyme that works in association with other enzymes during the replication of a DNA molecule. DNA replication begins when the enzyme, known as helicase unwinds a DNA strand. Helicase unwinds a DNA strand, thus, in the process, separating the two DNA templates. The result of the unwinding of the DNA molecule is the formation of a replication bubble. Once a DNA molecule is unwound, it is not stable. The DNA molecule is untwisted, broken and rearranged by an enzyme called topoisomerase in order to create stability at the ends of a replication bubble. In addition, the DNA replication bubble is further stabilized by a group of protein complexes known as single strand binding proteins.Once the DNA molecule is unwound and stabilized, an enzyme called primase assembles an RNA sequence that is complementary to the adjacent DNA template. The purpose of this initial RNA sequence is to provide a point at which DNA polymerase III can start to add nucleotides to the corresponding DNA template. Unlike RNA polymerase, DNA polymerase III requires an RNA sequence, which is known as a primer. DNA polymerase III can attach a nucleotide only to the 3 prime end of an existing nucleotide sequence. Once a primer is assembled by primase, DNA polymerase III begins its work of adding nucleotides to the 3 prime end of the primer.It is important to note that replication proceeds in two directions, since a DNA replication bubble consists of two DNA templates. Since DNA polymerase III proceeds in the three prime to 5 prime direction at one DNA template, it also has to proceed in the 3 prime to 5 prime direction on the other DNA template. Since the template run in opposite directions, the second template will consist of multiple primers and thus short segments of DNA. These short segments of DNA are known as Okazaki fragments. The Okazaki fragments are created by DNA polymerase three since it is only able to proceed in the 3 prime to 5 prime direction.After DNA polymerase III completes its work, DNA polymerase I begins to replace the RNA nucleotides of the primers with DNA nucleotides. Once DNA polymerase I replaces the RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides, DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together and the result is a new DNA template.
Which enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand?
DNA polymerase catalyzes the reactions that are responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction. The parent DNA strand is read in the 3' to 5' direction but the daughter strand is extended in the opposite direction.
What elongates as DNA unwinds and is replicated continuously?
The leading strand elongates continuously as DNA unwinds and is replicated. DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strand in a 5' to 3' direction, allowing for continuous addition of nucleotides.
What are the 4 enzymes in DNA replication?
DNA Helicase - responsible for separating the two stands DNA Polymerase - responsible for catalyzing the addition of bases to the new strand DNA Ligase - responsible for sealing fragments
