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All of these neurons release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter except?
specific cardiac and smooth muscle fibers
What does acetylcholine do to bronchioles?
Acetylcholine causes bronchoconstriction by binding to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle in the bronchioles, leading to narrowing of the airways. This can result in difficulty breathing and decreased airflow to the lungs.
Can you see sarcomeres in smooth muscle?
No, sarcomeres are not visible in smooth muscle. Smooth muscle lacks the organized sarcomere structure found in striated muscle, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle. Instead, smooth muscle has a more scattered arrangement of contractile proteins.
Does the trachea have skeletal muscle?
No, the trachea does not have skeletal muscle. Instead, it is composed of smooth muscle, cartilage, and connective tissue. Smooth muscle allows for involuntary control of the trachea's diameter and airflow.
How does the contraction mechanism of smooth muscle compare to that of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?
Smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle all contract in response to signals from the nervous system or hormones. However, the contraction mechanism of smooth muscle is different from that of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle contracts more slowly and can sustain contractions for longer periods of time compared to skeletal and cardiac muscle. Additionally, smooth muscle does not have striations like skeletal and cardiac muscle, which gives it a more uniform appearance.
What can acetylcholine and norepinephrine affect?
Smooth Muscle Cells
Which muscle contraction does acetylcholine and norepinephrine affect?
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine both affect smooth muscle contraction. They stimulate contraction in some muscles and inhibits contraction in others.
What are the two neurotransmitters that affect smooth muscle cells?
The main neurotransmitters involved with smooth muscle is Acetylcholine which causes an exited effect in smooth tissue and Adrenalin which causes an inhibitory effect. Adrenalin is produced by the adrenal gland when animals are in high stress or phsically elated situations. This causes the "flight or fight" mode in animals and increases function of regions of body necessary for survial such as skeletal muscle. Thus smooth muscle in the gut for example isn't vital in dangers situations therefore contraction of this muscle is decreased by the neurotransmitter.
What are smooth muscle contractions stimulated by?
Smooth muscle contractions are primarily stimulated by the autonomic nervous system, which releases neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Additionally, hormones like oxytocin and epinephrine can also promote contraction. Mechanical stretch and local factors, such as changes in pH or oxygen levels, may further influence smooth muscle activity. These contractions are important for various bodily functions, including digestion and blood vessel regulation.
What Neurotransmitter diffuses across a synapse to a muscle cell?
It varies: In the somatic system (skeletal muscle) and parasympathetic branch of the autonomous nervous system (smooth & cardiac muscle) it is usually acetylcholine. In the sympathetic branch of the autonomous nervous system (smooth & cardiac muscle) it is usually norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline). There are exceptions, but this is the general rule.
All of these neurons release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter except?
specific cardiac and smooth muscle fibers
Exposure to the bacterium Clostridium tetani causes continuous release of acetylcholine. What effect does this have on smooth muscle?
Exposure to Clostridium tetani leads to continuous release of acetylcholine, which causes excessive stimulation of smooth muscle. This results in prolonged contraction of the smooth muscles, potentially leading to muscle spasms and rigidity. In the context of the body, this can manifest as symptoms like muscle stiffness and spasms, characteristic of tetanus. Ultimately, this disruption can impair normal muscle function and lead to severe complications.
is a neurotransmitter vasoconstrictor and smooth muscle stimulant?
Yes, certain neurotransmitters can act as vasoconstrictors and stimulate smooth muscle. For example, norepinephrine primarily released from sympathetic nerve endings can cause vasoconstriction by binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. This action leads to increased vascular resistance and reduced blood flow to certain areas. Other neurotransmitters, such as angiotensin II, also have similar effects on smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction.
Is smooth muscle appear to lack tropin?
Smooth muscle does not contain troponin, which is a regulatory protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Instead, smooth muscle contraction is regulated by the protein calmodulin, which interacts with calcium ions to activate myosin light chain kinase. This mechanism allows smooth muscle to contract in response to various stimuli, such as hormones and neurotransmitters, without the troponin-tropomyosin complex found in striated muscles.
A drug that decreases peristalsis would be one that?
A drug that decreases peristalsis would likely be an anticholinergic medication, which blocks the action of acetylcholine in the gastrointestinal tract. This inhibition can slow down the contractions of the smooth muscle in the intestines, reducing peristalsis.
What does acetylcholine do to bronchioles?
Acetylcholine causes bronchoconstriction by binding to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle in the bronchioles, leading to narrowing of the airways. This can result in difficulty breathing and decreased airflow to the lungs.
At Which kind of effectors do neurons of the sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system release their neurotransmitters?
Neurons of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system primarily release neurotransmitters at adrenergic effectors, which include smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands. The main neurotransmitter released is norepinephrine, which binds to adrenergic receptors to mediate the "fight or flight" responses. In some cases, such as sweat glands, sympathetic neurons also release acetylcholine, acting on muscarinic receptors.
