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What are the differences in gene expression regulation between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
In eukaryotes, gene expression regulation is more complex and involves multiple levels of control, such as chromatin remodeling, transcription factors, and post-transcriptional modifications. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, have simpler regulation mechanisms, mainly involving operons and transcription factors.
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Gene expression might be altered at the level of post-transcriptional processing in eukaryotes rather than prokaryotes because of what?
Eukaryotes have additional complexity in post-transcriptional processing, such as alternative splicing, intron removal, and mRNA editing, which can lead to a greater degree of regulation and diversity in gene expression compared to prokaryotes. Additionally, eukaryotic mRNA processing occurs in the nucleus before export to the cytoplasm, providing an additional layer of control.
What is the difference between sigma factors and transcription factors in gene regulation?
Sigma factors are specific proteins in prokaryotes that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter region of a gene to initiate transcription. Transcription factors, on the other hand, are proteins in eukaryotes that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and influencing the activity of RNA polymerase. In summary, sigma factors are specific to prokaryotes and help initiate transcription, while transcription factors are found in eukaryotes and regulate gene expression.
Why does the promoter position differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, the promoter is made up of two sequences at -10 and -35. Eukaryotic promoters are diverse and difficult to characterize, they lie upstream of the gene and have regulatory elements that are several kilobases away from the start site.
What is the main purpose of gene regulation in eukaryotes?
The main purpose of gene regulation in eukaryotes is to control which genes are turned on or off in response to internal and external signals. This allows for precise control of gene expression, ensuring that the right genes are expressed at the right time and in the right amount for proper cell function and development.
Why study prokaryotes in research instead of eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have been around for 2 billion more years than eukaryotes so have a much wider diversity. Some prokaryotes can live in extreme environments, so there is a lot to learn from them. Plus the wide range of prokaryotes have not been cataloged while the majority of eukaryotic species have likely been discovered.
What is involved in regulating gene expression in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, gene expression can be regulated directly at the level of transcription through operons, where multiple genes are controlled by a single promoter. This type of regulation is not as common in eukaryotes, where gene expression is typically regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications. Additionally, prokaryotes lack the complexity of chromatin structure found in eukaryotic cells, which can also impact gene expression regulation.
Why is protein synthesis different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, DNA is stored in the cytoplasm. also prokaryotes have no nucleus In prokaryotes, transcription and translation happen at the same time.
Is DNA organized and packaged in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Yes, DNA is organized and packaged in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but the mechanisms differ. In prokaryotes, DNA is typically a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region, often associated with proteins that help compact it. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into multiple linear chromosomes housed within a membrane-bound nucleus and is wrapped around histone proteins, forming a more complex structure known as chromatin. This packaging allows for efficient regulation of gene expression and DNA replication.
Gene expression might be altered at the level of post-transcriptional processing in eukaryotes rather than prokaryotes because of what?
Eukaryotes have additional complexity in post-transcriptional processing, such as alternative splicing, intron removal, and mRNA editing, which can lead to a greater degree of regulation and diversity in gene expression compared to prokaryotes. Additionally, eukaryotic mRNA processing occurs in the nucleus before export to the cytoplasm, providing an additional layer of control.
What is the difference between sigma factors and transcription factors in gene regulation?
Sigma factors are specific proteins in prokaryotes that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter region of a gene to initiate transcription. Transcription factors, on the other hand, are proteins in eukaryotes that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and influencing the activity of RNA polymerase. In summary, sigma factors are specific to prokaryotes and help initiate transcription, while transcription factors are found in eukaryotes and regulate gene expression.
Why does the promoter position differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, the promoter is made up of two sequences at -10 and -35. Eukaryotic promoters are diverse and difficult to characterize, they lie upstream of the gene and have regulatory elements that are several kilobases away from the start site.
How is gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar how are they different?
They are similar because they use the same bonding techniques. However are different because eukaryotic cells have a nucleus creating a much more complex system, therefore they have more DNA than prokaryotic cells.
Why is gene regulation in eukaryotes more complex than prokaryotes?
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What is the main purpose of gene regulation in eukaryotes?
The main purpose of gene regulation in eukaryotes is to control which genes are turned on or off in response to internal and external signals. This allows for precise control of gene expression, ensuring that the right genes are expressed at the right time and in the right amount for proper cell function and development.
Why study prokaryotes in research instead of eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have been around for 2 billion more years than eukaryotes so have a much wider diversity. Some prokaryotes can live in extreme environments, so there is a lot to learn from them. Plus the wide range of prokaryotes have not been cataloged while the majority of eukaryotic species have likely been discovered.
In prokaryotes most of the control of gene expression are at what level?
In prokaryotes, most control of gene expression occurs at the transcriptional level. This involves regulating the initiation of transcription, often through the action of transcription factors and the availability of RNA polymerase to bind to promoter regions. Mechanisms such as operons, which allow for coordinated regulation of multiple genes, also play a significant role in controlling gene expression in response to environmental changes.
Why is gene regulation important in eukaryotes?
Gene regulation in eukaryotes is important because it allows cells to control when and how genes are expressed, enabling them to respond to internal and external signals appropriately. This regulation ensures that only the necessary genes are turned on at the right time and in the right amount, which is crucial for processes such as development, differentiation, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to diseases such as cancer and developmental disorders.
