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In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes gene experssion is primarliy regulated at the level of?
Gene expression can be controlled at any of several stages, which we divide broadly into transcription, processing and translation. Transcription often is controlled at the stage of initiation, or at termination but usually not controlled at elongation. In eukaryotic cells, processing of the RNA product may be regulated at the stages of modification, splicing, transport, or stability. Translation may be regulated, usually at the stages of initation and termination just like transcription. Gene expression can be controlled at any of several stages, as during transcription, processing and translation. Transcription often regulated at initiation and termination but elongation is usually not regulated. In eukaryotes cells, processing of the RNA product may be regulated at the stages of modification, splicing, transport, or at stability. Translation may be regulated at initiation and termination just like transcription.
How does the absence of a nuclear envelope in the prokaryotes prevent prokaryotes from controlling gene expression by modifying RNA after transcription?
In eukaryotes, mRNA is processed inside the nucleus before being shipped out into the cytoplasm for translation. Specifically, a strand of pre-mRNA (or immature mRNA) has a GTP cap added to its 5' end, a poly-adenine tail added to its 3' end, and it has its introns spliced out. Since prokaryotes don't have nuclear envelopes, they don't have an area to do this.
Explain what the terms eukaryote and prokaryote suggest about their evolution?
The terms eukaryote and prokaryote refer to the two distinct types of organisms found in the natural world. Eukaryotes are organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus, while prokaryotes are organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. This difference in structure suggests that the evolution of eukaryotes, which are more complex and structurally organized, preceded the evolution of prokaryotes, which are simpler and more primitive. Eukaryotes are believed to have evolved from an ancestor that contained a nucleus, which was a critical step in the evolution of life as it allowed for more efficient storage and processing of genetic information. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, had no nucleus and were likely the first form of life on Earth. This suggests that the evolution of prokaryotes followed the evolution of eukaryotes. Overall, the terms eukaryote and prokaryote suggest that eukaryotes are more complex and evolved prior to prokaryotes, which are simpler and more primitive.
What are three differences between transcription in prokaryotes and transcription in eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm since they lack a nucleus, while in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus. Prokaryotic transcription is often coupled with translation, meaning ribosomes can start translating mRNA even before transcription is complete, whereas in eukaryotes, transcription and translation are spatially and temporally separated. Prokaryotic mRNA does not typically undergo extensive processing (such as splicing or capping) after transcription, whereas eukaryotic mRNA is extensively processed before being translated.
Transcription and translation can be coupled in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes justify the staement?
The transcription in eukaryotes, a much more complex process than in prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation take place in different cellular compartments:transcription takes place in the membrane-bounded nucleus, whereas translation takes place outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. In prokaryotes, the two processes are closely coupled. Indeed, the translation of bacterial mRNA begins while the transcript is still being synthesized. The spatial and temporal separation of transcription and translation enables eukaryotes to regulate gene expression in much more intricate ways, contributing to the richness of eukaryotic form and function.A second major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the extent of RNA processing. Although both prokaryotes and eukaryotes modify tRNA and rRNA, eukaryotes very extensively process nascent RNA destined to become mRNA. Primary transcripts (pre-mRNA molecules), the products of RNA polymerase action, acquire a cap at their 5′ ends and a poly(A) tail at their 3′ ends. Most importantly, nearly all mRNA precursors in higher eukaryotes are spliced. Introns are precisely excised from primary transcripts, and exons are joined to form mature mRNAs with continuous messages. Some mRNAs are only a tenth the size of their precursors, which can be as large as 30 kb or more. The pattern of splicing can be regulated in the course of development to generate variations on a theme, such as membrane-bound and secreted forms of antibody molecules. Alternative splicing enlarges the repertoire of proteins in eukaryotes and is a clear illustration of why the proteome is more complex than the genome.
What is involved in regulating gene expression in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, gene expression can be regulated directly at the level of transcription through operons, where multiple genes are controlled by a single promoter. This type of regulation is not as common in eukaryotes, where gene expression is typically regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications. Additionally, prokaryotes lack the complexity of chromatin structure found in eukaryotic cells, which can also impact gene expression regulation.
Why is protein synthesis different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Apex Learning?
Protein synthesis differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes primarily due to their cellular structures. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm, as they lack a defined nucleus. In contrast, eukaryotes have a compartmentalized structure where transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation takes place in the cytoplasm, allowing for additional processing of mRNA before it is translated. These differences reflect the complexity of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells.
In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes gene experssion is primarliy regulated at the level of?
Gene expression can be controlled at any of several stages, which we divide broadly into transcription, processing and translation. Transcription often is controlled at the stage of initiation, or at termination but usually not controlled at elongation. In eukaryotic cells, processing of the RNA product may be regulated at the stages of modification, splicing, transport, or stability. Translation may be regulated, usually at the stages of initation and termination just like transcription. Gene expression can be controlled at any of several stages, as during transcription, processing and translation. Transcription often regulated at initiation and termination but elongation is usually not regulated. In eukaryotes cells, processing of the RNA product may be regulated at the stages of modification, splicing, transport, or at stability. Translation may be regulated at initiation and termination just like transcription.
Why is protein synthesis different in prokatyke and euroaytes?
Prokaryotes do not have a distinct nucleus, so transcription and translation both occur in the cytoplasm simultaneously. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus while translation occurs in the cytoplasm, separated by nuclear envelope. Furthermore, eukaryotes have additional complexity due to post-transcriptional modifications and protein processing that prokaryotes lack.
Why is protein synthesis different in pakaryotes and eukaryotes?
Protein synthesis differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes primarily due to cellular structure and compartmentalization. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm since they lack a defined nucleus. In contrast, eukaryotes have a nucleus where transcription occurs, followed by RNA processing before translation takes place in the cytoplasm. Additionally, eukaryotic mRNA undergoes modifications like capping and polyadenylation, which are not present in prokaryotic mRNA.
Why post-translational modification of protein does not occur in prokaryotes?
Post-translational modifications of proteins do occur in prokaryotes, but they are generally less complex than in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes lack certain cellular compartments where modifications like glycosylation occur in eukaryotes. Additionally, prokaryotes have simpler metabolic pathways that may not require extensive post-translational modifications for protein function.
How does the absence of a nuclear envelope in the prokaryotes prevent prokaryotes from controlling gene expression by modifying RNA after transcription?
In eukaryotes, mRNA is processed inside the nucleus before being shipped out into the cytoplasm for translation. Specifically, a strand of pre-mRNA (or immature mRNA) has a GTP cap added to its 5' end, a poly-adenine tail added to its 3' end, and it has its introns spliced out. Since prokaryotes don't have nuclear envelopes, they don't have an area to do this.
Explain what the terms eukaryote and prokaryote suggest about their evolution?
The terms eukaryote and prokaryote refer to the two distinct types of organisms found in the natural world. Eukaryotes are organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus, while prokaryotes are organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. This difference in structure suggests that the evolution of eukaryotes, which are more complex and structurally organized, preceded the evolution of prokaryotes, which are simpler and more primitive. Eukaryotes are believed to have evolved from an ancestor that contained a nucleus, which was a critical step in the evolution of life as it allowed for more efficient storage and processing of genetic information. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, had no nucleus and were likely the first form of life on Earth. This suggests that the evolution of prokaryotes followed the evolution of eukaryotes. Overall, the terms eukaryote and prokaryote suggest that eukaryotes are more complex and evolved prior to prokaryotes, which are simpler and more primitive.
What are three differences between transcription in prokaryotes and transcription in eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm since they lack a nucleus, while in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus. Prokaryotic transcription is often coupled with translation, meaning ribosomes can start translating mRNA even before transcription is complete, whereas in eukaryotes, transcription and translation are spatially and temporally separated. Prokaryotic mRNA does not typically undergo extensive processing (such as splicing or capping) after transcription, whereas eukaryotic mRNA is extensively processed before being translated.
Transcription and translation can be coupled in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes justify the staement?
The transcription in eukaryotes, a much more complex process than in prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation take place in different cellular compartments:transcription takes place in the membrane-bounded nucleus, whereas translation takes place outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. In prokaryotes, the two processes are closely coupled. Indeed, the translation of bacterial mRNA begins while the transcript is still being synthesized. The spatial and temporal separation of transcription and translation enables eukaryotes to regulate gene expression in much more intricate ways, contributing to the richness of eukaryotic form and function.A second major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the extent of RNA processing. Although both prokaryotes and eukaryotes modify tRNA and rRNA, eukaryotes very extensively process nascent RNA destined to become mRNA. Primary transcripts (pre-mRNA molecules), the products of RNA polymerase action, acquire a cap at their 5′ ends and a poly(A) tail at their 3′ ends. Most importantly, nearly all mRNA precursors in higher eukaryotes are spliced. Introns are precisely excised from primary transcripts, and exons are joined to form mature mRNAs with continuous messages. Some mRNAs are only a tenth the size of their precursors, which can be as large as 30 kb or more. The pattern of splicing can be regulated in the course of development to generate variations on a theme, such as membrane-bound and secreted forms of antibody molecules. Alternative splicing enlarges the repertoire of proteins in eukaryotes and is a clear illustration of why the proteome is more complex than the genome.
Eukaryotes show which kinds of control mechanisms is it transcriptional transcript processing translational post translational or all of these?
Eukaryotes exhibit control mechanisms at all levels, including transcriptional, transcript processing, translational, and post-translational regulation. These mechanisms work together to finely regulate gene expression and protein production in response to various internal and external signals.
What happens right after tanscription ends?
After transcription ends, the newly synthesized RNA molecule undergoes processing. In eukaryotes, this includes capping at the 5' end, addition of a poly-A tail at the 3' end, and splicing to remove introns. The mature mRNA is then transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it can be translated into proteins. In prokaryotes, the process is more direct, as transcription and translation can occur simultaneously without extensive RNA processing.
