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Hypercalcemia is a condition where there is too much calcium in the blood, which can be caused by overactive parathyroid glands, certain medications, or cancer. Symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, and confusion. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and may include medications or fluids to lower calcium levels.

Hypocalcemia is a condition where there is too little calcium in the blood, which can be caused by vitamin D deficiency, kidney disease, or low levels of parathyroid hormone. Symptoms may include muscle cramps, numbness, and seizures. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and may include calcium and vitamin D supplements.

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What diseases can be caused by lack of calcium in your diet?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D regulate calcium balance in the body . PTH is produced by the parathyroid glands -- four small glands located in the neck behind the thyroid gland. Vitamin D is obtained from exposure of skin to sunlight, and from dietary sources such as fortified dairy products, egg yolks, fish, and fortified cereals. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia and is due to excess PTH. The drug lithium, used in treating bipolar disorder, may increase PTH release and cause hypercalcemia. A genetic mutation that affects the body's ability to regulate calcium is seen in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH), a benign (non-cancerous) condition. Blood calcium can also be high despite low levels of PTH , however. Some malignant tumors (for example, lung cancers, breast cancer) produce PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) which increases blood calcium. Excess vitamin D ( hypervitaminosis D ) from diet or inflammatory diseases can also cause hypercalcemia . Kidney failure , adrenal gland failure , hyperthyroidism , prolonged immobilization, use of a class of diuretics called thiazides, and ingestion of massive amounts of calcium (milk-alkali syndrome) are other potential causes. Hypercalcemia affects from 0.1 to 1% of the population. The widespread ability to measure blood calcium since the 1960s has improved detection of the condition, and today most patients with hypercalcemia have no symptoms. Women over the age of 50 are most likely to be hypercalcemic, usually due to primary hyperparathyroidism .


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Related Questions

What effect does hypocalcemia have on the cardiac action potential?

Hypocalcemia can lead to a prolongation of the cardiac action potential due to reduced calcium influx. This can result in an increased risk of arrhythmias, as well as potential impairment of cardiac muscle contractility.


Does hypercalcemia cause depression of the nervous system?

Yes, hypercalcemia causes nervous system depression - the opposite of (see below) According to the Human Anatomy and Physiology Textbook by Marieb, hypocalcemia causes neuron excitation and if severe enough, leads to tetany and then paralysis. this is because both serum calcium and intracellular calcium are increased. The reason hypocalcemia causes neuron excitation (contrary to the above logic) is because a decrease in extracellular calcium concentration increases the neuron membrane's permeability to sodium and allows sodium to easily depolarize the neuron's membrane and cause an action potential. Additionally The membrane threshold becomes refractory to depolarization thus many of the symptoms are related to the loss of cell membrane excitability. How extracellular calcium controls sodium membrane permeability is another question.


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