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The palisade layer of cells is tightly packed, like a brick wall, and contains the greatest concentration of chloroplasts in the leaf. The spongy mesophyll is loosely packed, containing many air spaces between the cells. The mesophyll contains vascular bundles and fewer chloroplasts than the palisade.

Simply put, the palisade's main purpose is photosynthesis, and the spongy's gas exchange.

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