Post-translation or Post-translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of active protein either by means of reversible events (Post-translational modifications, such as Phosphorylation or sequestration) or by means of irreversible events (proteolysis).
Post-translational modifications occur in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, as well as in other cellular compartments. These modifications can include phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and more, which help to regulate protein function and localization within the cell.
They in fact do. Check out a review "Postranslational Protein Modification in Archaea" by Jerry Eichler. The problem is that took a long time to discover this so it was assumed that they don't have any PTMs but this is wrong.
The process of protein modifications is typically completed in the Golgi apparatus of the cell. During this process, the proteins undergo various post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, and cleavage. These modifications are essential for the proper functioning and localization of the proteins within the cell.
Translation, which is the process of protein synthesis, occurs outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm. Post-translational modifications of proteins, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, also occur outside of the nucleus. These modifications can alter the function, stability, and localization of proteins.
Eukaryotes exhibit control mechanisms at all levels, including transcriptional, transcript processing, translational, and post-translational regulation. These mechanisms work together to finely regulate gene expression and protein production in response to various internal and external signals.
Post-translational modifications occur in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, as well as in other cellular compartments. These modifications can include phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and more, which help to regulate protein function and localization within the cell.
They in fact do. Check out a review "Postranslational Protein Modification in Archaea" by Jerry Eichler. The problem is that took a long time to discover this so it was assumed that they don't have any PTMs but this is wrong.
Franco A. Taverna has written: 'The role of post-translational modifications in the structure and function of glutamate receptors'
Post-translational modifications of proteins do occur in prokaryotes, but they are generally less complex than in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes lack certain cellular compartments where modifications like glycosylation occur in eukaryotes. Additionally, prokaryotes have simpler metabolic pathways that may not require extensive post-translational modifications for protein function.
The process of protein modifications is typically completed in the Golgi apparatus of the cell. During this process, the proteins undergo various post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, and cleavage. These modifications are essential for the proper functioning and localization of the proteins within the cell.
Post-transcriptional and translational control of gene expression are more efficient in conserving resources compared to transcriptional control. These mechanisms allow a cell to quickly adjust protein levels without having to create new mRNA molecules. Additionally, post-translational modifications can fine-tune protein activity without the need for de novo synthesis.
Actually, for some uses prokaryotic cells are just fine for eukaryotic gene expression. That said bacteria are deficient in quite a lot of the post-translational modification systems that eukaryotes use, such as glycosylation. Since those post-translational modifications can actually be important to the protein's function you might choose a eukaryotic expression system to preserve them.
Translation, which is the process of protein synthesis, occurs outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm. Post-translational modifications of proteins, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, also occur outside of the nucleus. These modifications can alter the function, stability, and localization of proteins.
Post translational activation of the proteins
Eukaryotes exhibit control mechanisms at all levels, including transcriptional, transcript processing, translational, and post-translational regulation. These mechanisms work together to finely regulate gene expression and protein production in response to various internal and external signals.
One way to control an enzyme is through post-translational modification such as phosphorylation or glycosylation. Other ways to control enzymes are through enzyme induction, inhibition, or by compartmentalizing the metabolic pathways.
methylation lipidation glycosylation phosphorylation