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What is the clonal selection theory as it applies to B cells?
1. An antigen presenting cell presents antigen on Class II MHC to a Helper T cell activating it 2. At the same time a B cell that has taken up and degraded the same pathogen displays antigen on its class II 3. The activated helper T cell binds to the B cell releasing cytokines and activating it 4. The activated B cell proliferates and differentiates into: 1) memory B cells 2) antibody-secreting plasma cells that produce antibodies specific for the pathogen
What is the difference between heavy and light chain antibodies in terms of their structure and function?
Heavy and light chain antibodies differ in their structure and function. Heavy chains are larger and provide structural support, while light chains are smaller and help with antigen binding. Together, they form the antibody's Y-shaped structure. Heavy chains determine the antibody's class, while light chains contribute to antigen specificity. This collaboration allows antibodies to recognize and neutralize pathogens effectively.
Do antigen presenting cells have major histocompatibility complex class I molecules?
Yes, antigen presenting cells have major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.
Function of plasma cell?
On B-cell activation by antigen, it proliferates into antibody secreting plasma cells and memory cells. Plasma cells function in adaptive immunity. Specific secreted antibodies by plasma cells then bind to extracellular microbes, block their ability to infect host cells and promote their ingestion and subsequent destruction by phagocytes.
What is the function of CD4?
CD4 is a surface receptor expressed by helper T lymphocytes, known as CD4+ T cells. Its purpose is to stablize the interaction between the T cell receptor (on the T cell) and an antigen-bearing MHC Class II molecule (on an antigen presenting cell). Under the right circumstances, this interaction activates CD4+ T cells that recognize an invading pathogen. Activated CD4+ T cells do many things, and are required for a robust adaptive immune response.
In the primary response to an antigen the first class of antibody to be secreted is?
The class of immunoglobulin to respond to the fist exposure of an antigen is immunoglobulin class M (IgM). While Immunoglobulin G (IgG) would predominate on the second exposure.
What is the Role of a variable region of an antibody molecule?
Each antibody has a variable region at the top of the arms of the Y-Shaped structure of the antibody. These variable regions each have a different sequence of amino acids and therefore a different structure. This means that only specific antigens can bind to the binding sites - only those with a complementary shape. The antigen fits into the binding site by induced fit. Once the antigen has bound to the antibody it forms a highly specific antigen-antibody complex. Therefore the role of the variable region is to produce a specific binding site for each type of antigen.
Which antibody class neutralizes viruses in the intestinal tract?
I would assume IgA class antibodies. The intestinal tract is lined with mucous membranes and the IgA class is primarily secreted through mucous.
What class of antibody is produced in the primary immune response?
The class of immunoglobulin that is produced in the primary immune response is Immmunoglobulin M (IgM). On secondary exposure, the class that predominates would be Immunoglobulin G (IgG).
How are the roles of b and t cells different how are their roles similar?
Both are T and B lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow, but B lymphocytes mature in bone marrow and are part of the humoral response, while T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland and are part of the cell mediated response.
What is the clonal selection theory as it applies to B cells?
1. An antigen presenting cell presents antigen on Class II MHC to a Helper T cell activating it 2. At the same time a B cell that has taken up and degraded the same pathogen displays antigen on its class II 3. The activated helper T cell binds to the B cell releasing cytokines and activating it 4. The activated B cell proliferates and differentiates into: 1) memory B cells 2) antibody-secreting plasma cells that produce antibodies specific for the pathogen
What is an IgM antibody?
IgM is produced upon initial exposure to an antigen. For example, when a person receives the first tetanus vaccination, antitetanus antibodies of the IgM class are produced 10 to 14 days later. IgM is abundant in the blood.
Antibody molecules consists of how many polypeptide chains depending on which class of antibody is considered?
two
Do antigen presenting cells have major histocompatibility complex class I molecules?
Yes, antigen presenting cells have major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.
What is the difference between heavy and light chain antibodies in terms of their structure and function?
Heavy and light chain antibodies differ in their structure and function. Heavy chains are larger and provide structural support, while light chains are smaller and help with antigen binding. Together, they form the antibody's Y-shaped structure. Heavy chains determine the antibody's class, while light chains contribute to antigen specificity. This collaboration allows antibodies to recognize and neutralize pathogens effectively.
Function of plasma cell?
On B-cell activation by antigen, it proliferates into antibody secreting plasma cells and memory cells. Plasma cells function in adaptive immunity. Specific secreted antibodies by plasma cells then bind to extracellular microbes, block their ability to infect host cells and promote their ingestion and subsequent destruction by phagocytes.
What is the percentage of Immunoglobulin G in the plasma?
IgG, is the predominant Ig class present in human plasma. Produced as part of the secondaryimmune response to an antigen, it is approximately 75% of total serum Ig. IgG is the only class of Ig that can cross the placenta in humans.
