two
It is a T or Y-shaped monomer of 4 looping linked polypeptide chains
Disulfide bonds
have a specific shape related to their specific function.
precipitation
Antibody molecules are held together by disulfide bonds, which are covalent bonds formed between sulfur atoms in the amino acid cysteine. These bonds help maintain the structure and stability of the antibody molecule.
A single chain variable fragment (scFv) is a type of antibody that consists of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of an antibody linked together by a short peptide linker. This results in a single polypeptide chain that retains the antigen-binding specificity of the original antibody. ScFvs are used in various research and therapeutic applications due to their small size and modular nature.
It is the number of antigens one antibody molecule can bind to. For example, a trivalent antibody can simultaneously bind to three copies of the antigen it recognizes. This is not related to atomic valence.
Monoclonal antibody therapy is administered through injections. How often it should be perfomed varies depending on what your doctor recommends.
IgG molecules.
Antibody protein A works by binding to specific molecules on the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by immune cells. This helps to neutralize the pathogens and prevent them from causing harm in the body.
active active B for plato users
The important effector functions of antibody molecules include opsonization, where antibodies mark pathogens for destruction by immune cells, neutralization, where antibodies block the ability of pathogens to infect host cells, and complement activation, where antibodies trigger a cascade of proteins to help destroy pathogens.