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The history of enzymes is long. Much of it is closely related to biochemistry history. Biological catalysis was first recognized and described in the early 1800s, in studies of the digestion of meat by secretions of the stomach and the conversion of starch into sugar by saliva and various plant extracts. Louis Pasteur, in the 1850s, concluded that fermentation of sugar into alcohol by yeast is catalyzed by substances he called "ferments". He postulated that these ferments are inseparable from the structure of living yeast cells. These "ferments" were named later enzymes. By 1897, Eduard Buchner discovered that yeasts extracts can ferment sugar into alcohol proving that the enzymes involved in fermentation can function outside of the living cells. By 1926, James Sumner isolated and crystallized the enzyme urease providing a breakthrough in early studies of the properties of specific enzymes. Finally, in the 1930s, John Northrop and his colleagues concluded that the nature of the enzymes (at least at that time) is based on proteins, a definition postulated before by Sumner.
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