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What does the term 'histone acetylation' means?
Histones are proteins that organize DNA in the chromatin of eukaryotes (cells that have membrane enclosed nuclei). Acetylation means the introduction of acetyl group to a molecule. In essence, Histone Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones which, in turn, causes a decrease in the interaction with negatively charged phosphates in DNA.
What protein does DNA wrap around in the process of gene expression?
DNA wraps around histone proteins in the process of gene expression.
Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans but at different times in development what mechanism could allow for this?
The regulation of globin gene expression during development is controlled by changes in the chromatin structure and interactions with transcription factors. Specific DNA sequences within the globin gene promoters and enhancers play a role in determining when and where these genes are expressed. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, also influence the timing of globin gene expression during development.
In eukaryotes gene expression is related to the coiling and uncoiling of what?
In eukaryotes, gene expression is related to the coiling and uncoiling of DNA around histone proteins, forming chromatin. When DNA is tightly coiled around histones, it is less accessible for transcription, leading to reduced gene expression. When DNA is unwound, gene expression is more likely to occur.
In eukaryotes what is active transcription generally associated with?
Active transcription in eukaryotes is generally associated with the unwinding of DNA and the recruitment of RNA polymerase to transcribe a specific gene into messenger RNA (mRNA). This process involves the assembly of transcriptional machinery at the promoter region of the gene and the initiation of RNA synthesis.
What are genomic imprinting DNA methylation and histone acetylation examples of?
These are examples of epigenetic modifications that can regulate gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence. Genomic imprinting refers to differential gene expression depending on the parent of origin, DNA methylation involves the addition of methyl groups to DNA to silence gene expression, and histone acetylation is the addition of acetyl groups to histone proteins to promote gene expression.
How do DNA methylation and histone acetylation affect chromatin structure and the regulation of transcription?
When chromatin is tightly compacted and dense, it's called Heterochromatin. When chromatin is loosely packed, its called Euchromatin. Euchromatin is easily accessible to transcription enzymes, while herterochromatin makes transcription impossible because the enzymes cannot access the DNA. Therefore, a gene within heterochromatin cannot be expressed. Also, look up how histone modifications such as histone acetylation affect gene expression.
What does the term 'histone acetylation' means?
Histones are proteins that organize DNA in the chromatin of eukaryotes (cells that have membrane enclosed nuclei). Acetylation means the introduction of acetyl group to a molecule. In essence, Histone Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones which, in turn, causes a decrease in the interaction with negatively charged phosphates in DNA.
What part does acetylation play in gene expression?
Acetylation of histones, which are proteins that help package DNA in the cell, typically leads to a more relaxed chromatin structure. This allows for easier access of the transcriptional machinery to the DNA, promoting gene activation and expression. Acetylation is often associated with increased gene expression due to this facilitating effect on transcription.
What protein does DNA wrap around in the process of gene expression?
DNA wraps around histone proteins in the process of gene expression.
Molecules that interact with DNA to alter gene expression are?
Transcription factors are molecules that interact with DNA to regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences. These proteins can promote or repress the transcription of target genes by influencing the recruitment of the transcriptional machinery. Additionally, epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, can also alter gene expression by affecting the accessibility of the DNA to transcription factors and RNA polymerase.
What is role of histone phosphorylation?
Since phosphate groups have a negative charge, adding them to histone tails neutralizes them and probably reduces their affinity for DNA. It might contribute to transcription because it stimulates histone acetyltransferases which cause histone acetylation and enhance transcription.
Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans but at different times in development what mechanism could allow for this?
The regulation of globin gene expression during development is controlled by changes in the chromatin structure and interactions with transcription factors. Specific DNA sequences within the globin gene promoters and enhancers play a role in determining when and where these genes are expressed. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, also influence the timing of globin gene expression during development.
In eukaryotes gene expression is related to the coiling and uncoiling of what?
In eukaryotes, gene expression is related to the coiling and uncoiling of DNA around histone proteins, forming chromatin. When DNA is tightly coiled around histones, it is less accessible for transcription, leading to reduced gene expression. When DNA is unwound, gene expression is more likely to occur.
What is the difference between cloning and expression vectors?
Cloning vectors are used to increase the number of copies of the cloned gene or to amplify a foreign gene. Expression vectors are used to increase the expression of the foreign gene product.
Can you Compare and contrast the three phrase changes on the molecular level?
Gene mutation involves changes in the DNA sequence, which can lead to altered protein production. Chromosomal changes involve modifications in the structure or number of chromosomes, impacting gene expression and cell function. Epigenetic changes can affect gene activity without altering the DNA sequence, influencing how genes are expressed through modifications like methylation or histone acetylation.
What can stop gene expression?
Gene expression can be stopped by transcription factors binding to the promoter region of a gene, thus preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the gene. Additionally, epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation and histone deacetylation can inhibit gene expression by altering chromatin structure and making the gene inaccessible for transcription. Other factors such as microRNAs can also interfere with gene expression by degrading mRNA molecules or blocking their translation into proteins.
