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What regenerates NAD plus as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate?
During fermentation, NADH is oxidized back to NAD+ in order to continue glycolysis. This occurs by passing electrons from NADH to pyruvate to form either ethanol or lactate, depending on the organism. This process of regenerating NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
What happens to pyruvate under anaerobic and aerobic conditions?
In humans, under ANAEROBIC conditions (no O2), pyruvate is 'converted' to lactate, though I wouldn't say it is "broken down".In humans, under AEROBIC conditions (O2 present), pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA, via the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.In yeast, pyruvate is converted into ethanol (Party Fluid) via pyruvate decarboxylase and then alcohol dehydrogenase.
What is lactate dehydrogenase?
Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme present in the body that plays a key role in converting lactate to pyruvate during energy production. It is found in various tissues, including the heart, liver, muscles, and red blood cells. Elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood can indicate tissue damage or disease.
What is puruvate?
Did you mean "pyruvate"? Pyruvate is an important molecule in biochemistry that plays a key role in the energy production process known as glycolysis. It is the end product of glycolysis and can either be converted into acetyl CoA for further energy production in the citric acid cycle or converted into lactate in certain conditions.
What is equation for lactic acid after glycolysis?
The equation for the production of lactic acid after glycolysis is pyruvate + NADH + H+ -> lactate + NAD+. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.
What molecule is produced with the expenditure of nadh fermentation?
Lactate is produced in this way. It is a product of the NADH fermentation.
What regenerates NAD plus as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate?
During fermentation, NADH is oxidized back to NAD+ in order to continue glycolysis. This occurs by passing electrons from NADH to pyruvate to form either ethanol or lactate, depending on the organism. This process of regenerating NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
Which has more hydrogen atoms pyruvate or lactate?
pyruvate because it results in NADH while lactate results in NAD+ (NADH > hydrogen atoms than NAD+ because NAD+ has been oxidized)
Muscle cells when an individual is excerising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen deprived convert pyruvate to lactate What happens to the lactate in the skeletal muscle cells?
The lactate is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate.
What is the effect of alcohol on gluconeogenesis?
Increased ethanol will give increased NADH. Because NADH levels are higher, the body will produce more pyruvate and less lactate. Since lactate is a precursor for gluconeogenesis, gluconeogenesis will decrease.
The end product of glycolysis in anaerobic respiration?
The end product of glycolysis in the aerobic mode of respiration is 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP
What are the products of lactate fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?
Both alcohol and lactate fermentation enable cells to produce ATP without using oxygen; they are the anaerobic (lacking in oxygen) alternative to cellular respiration. This is because they are extensions of glycolysis that can generate ATP solely by substrate-level phosphorylation, specifically by regenerating NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate or pyruvate derivatives. NAD+ can then be reused in glycolysis to oxidize sugar. Remember that glycolysis uses two net molecules of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.Lactate fermentation, also known as lactic acid fermentation, occurs when NADH reduces pyruvate directly to form lactate as an end product, hence the name "lactate fermentation." More specifically, if one glucose molecule goes through glycolysis, 2 net ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules are produced and 2 NAD+ molecules are consumed. 2 NADH molecules and 2 H+ come and reduce the 2 pyruvate molecules, forming 2 lactate molecules and 2 NAD+. The 2 NAD+ molecules are then reused in glycolysis, enabling the cell to produce ATP even in the absence of oxygen. Lactate fermentation is used by some fungi and bacteria as well as in the dairy industry to produce yogurt in cheese. Another fun fact about lactate fermentation is that human muscle cells use lactate fermentation to make ATP when oxygen is scarce, such as during strenuous exercise. The resulting accumulation of lactate is partly what causes the muscle fatigue and pain that can result from exercise. But don't worry, the blood carries away the lactate to the liver where the lactate is converted back to pyruvate.Alcohol fermentation occurs when pyruvate is first converted to acetaldehyde, a 2-carbon compound, through the release of carbon dioxide from the pyruvate. Then, NADH reduces the acetaldehyde to ethanol. A more detailed look shows us that just like lactate fermentation, glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate from one glucose molecule. However, unlike lactate fermentation, each pyruvate molecule releases a carbon dioxide, resulting in 2 carbon dioxide molecules and 2 acetaldehyde molecules (acetaldehyde = pyruvate - carbon dioxide). Then, similar to lactate fermentation 2 NADH and 2 H+ reduce the 2 acetaldehyde molecules, forming 2 ethanol molecules and 2 NAD+ and regenerating the supply of NAD+ needed to continue glycolysis. Alcohol fermentation is often used in bacteria in anaerobic conditions as well as in yeast. Interestingly, the carbon dioxide that is released in alcohol fermentation generated by a baker's yeast is what allows the bread to rise!
What is pyruvate converted into when oxygen is not present?
lactate
Where do glycolisis end?
Glycolysis ends with the production of pyruvate from glucose. Pyruvate can then either continue on to the citric acid cycle in aerobic conditions or undergo fermentation in anaerobic conditions to produce lactate or ethanol.
What is the correct sequence of chemicals produced in the anaerobic respiration pathway?
The correct sequence of chemicals produced in anaerobic respiration is glucose being broken down into pyruvate through glycolysis, which is then converted into lactate or ethanol, depending on the organism. This process allows for the regeneration of NAD+ to keep glycolysis running in the absence of oxygen.
What two processes in glucose breakdown are anaerobic?
During glucose breakdown, glycolysis and fermentation occur anaerobically. Glycolysis breaks a glucose molecule into energy and pyruvate. Fermentation uses to the pyruvate to form either ethanol or lactate.
Which of the following are true about lactate dehydrogenase?
Correct answer: I, II, III and IV
