What is carbon graphite chemical formula?

Answer 1

www.carb.com visite for more information A carbon fiber is a long, thin strand of material about 0.0002-0.0004 in (0.005-0.010 mm) in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bonded together in http://www.answers.com/topic/microscopic crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber. The crystal alignment makes the fiber incredibly strong for its size. Several thousand carbon fibers are twisted together to form a http://www.answers.com/topic/yarn, which may be used by itself or woven into a fabric. The yarn or fabric is combined with http://www.answers.com/topic/epoxy and wound or http://www.answers.com/topic/mold into shape to form various composite materials. Carbon fiber-reinforced composite materials are used to make aircraft and spacecraft parts, racing car bodies, Golf club shafts, bicycle frames, fishing rods, automobile springs, http://www.answers.com/topic/sailboat masts, and many other components where light weight and high strength are needed. Carbon fibers were developed in the 1950s as a reinforcement for high-temperature molded plastic components on missiles. The first fibers were manufactured by heating strands of http://www.answers.com/topic/rayon until they carbonized. This process proved to be http://www.answers.com/topic/inefficient, as the resulting fibers contained only about 20% carbon and had low strength and stiffness properties. In the early 1960s, a process was developed using http://www.answers.com/topic/polyacrylonitrile as a raw material. This produced a carbon fiber that contained about 55% carbon and had much better properties. The polyacrylonitrile conversion process quickly became the primary method for producing carbon fibers. During the 1970s, experimental work to find alternative raw materials led to the introduction of carbon fibers made from a petroleum pitch derived from oil processing. These fibers contained about 85% carbon and had excellent http://www.answers.com/topic/flexural-strength. Unfortunately, they had only limited compression strength and were not widely accepted. Today, carbon fibers are an important part of many products, and new applications are being developed every year. The United States, Japan, and Western Europe are the leading producers of carbon fibers. Classification of Carbon Fibers Carbon fibers are classified by the http://www.answers.com/topic/tensile-modulus of the fiber. Tensile modulus is a measure of how much pulling force a certain diameter fiber can http://www.answers.com/topic/exert without breaking. The English unit of measurement is pounds of force per square inch of cross-sectional area, or psi. Carbon fibers classified as "low modulus" have a tensile modulus below 34.8 million psi (240 million kPa). Other classifications, in ascending order of tensile modulus, include "standard modulus," "intermediate modulus," "high modulus," and "ultrahigh modulus." Ultrahigh modulus carbon fibers have a tensile modulus of 72.5-145.0 million psi (500 million-1.0 http://www.answers.com/topic/billion kPa). As a comparison, steel has a tensile modulus of about 29 million psi (200 million kPa). Thus, the strongest carbon fiber is about five times stronger than steel. The term http://www.answers.com/topic/graphite fiber refers to certain ultrahigh modulus fibers made from petroleum pitch. These fibers have an internal structure that closely approximates the three-dimensional crystal alignment that is characteristic of a pure form of carbon known as graphite. Raw Materials The raw material used to make carbon fiber is called the precursor. About 90% of the carbon fibers produced are made from polyacrylonitrile. The remaining 10% are made from rayon or petroleum pitch. All of these materials are organic polymers, characterized by long strings of molecules bound together by carbon atoms. The exact composition of each precursor varies from one company to another and is generally considered a trade secret. During the manufacturing process, a variety of gases and liquids are used. Some of these materials are designed to react with the fiber to achieve a specific effect. Other materials are designed not to react or to prevent certain reactions with the fiber. As with the precursors, the exact compositions of many of these process materials are considered trade secrets. The Manufacturing

Process The process for making carbon fibers is part chemical and part mechanical. The precursor is drawn into long strands or fibers and then heated to a very high temperature with-out allowing it to come in contact with oxygen. Without oxygen, the fiber cannot burn. Instead, the high temperature causes the atoms in the fiber to http://www.answers.com/topic/vibrate violently until most of the non-carbon atoms are expelled. This process is called carbonization and leaves a fiber composed of long, tightly inter-locked chains of carbon atoms with only a few non-carbon atoms remaining. Here is a typical sequence of operations used to form carbon fibers from polyacrylonitrile. Spinning * Acrylonitrile plastic powder is mixed with another plastic, like http://www.answers.com/topic/methyl-acrylate or http://www.answers.com/topic/methyl-methacrylate, and is reacted with a http://www.answers.com/topic/catalyst in a conventional suspension or http://www.answers.com/topic/solution-polymerization process to form a polyacrylonitrile plastic. * The plastic is then spun into fibers using one of several different methods. In some methods, the plastic is mixed with certain chemicals and pumped through tiny jets into a chemical bath or http://www.answers.com/topic/quench chamber where the plastic http://www.answers.com/topic/coagulate and solidifies into fibers. This is similar to the process used to form polyacrylic textile fibers. In other methods, the plastic mixture is heated and pumped through tiny jets into a chamber where the solvents http://www.answers.com/topic/evaporate, leaving a solid fiber. The spinning step is important because the internal atomic structure of the fiber is formed during this process. * The fibers are then washed and stretched to the desired fiber diameter. The stretching helps align the molecules within the fiber and provides the basis for the formation of the tightly bonded carbon crystals after carbonization. Stabilizing * Before the fibers are carbonized, they need to be chemically altered to convert their linear atomic bonding to a more thermally stable ladder bonding. This is accomplished by heating the fibers in air to about 390-590° F (200-300° C) for 30-120 minutes. This causes the fibers to pick up oxygen molecules from the air and http://www.answers.com/topic/rearrange their atomic bonding pattern. The stabilizing chemical reactions are complex and involve several steps, some of which occur simultaneously. They also generate their own heat, which must be controlled to avoid http://www.answers.com/topic/overheating-2 the fibers. Commercially, the stabilization process uses a variety of equipment and techniques. In some processes, the fibers are drawn through a series of heated chambers. In others, the fibers pass over hot rollers and through beds of loose materials held in suspension by a flow of hot air. Some processes use heated air mixed with certain gases that chemically accelerate the stabilization. Carbonizing * Once the fibers are stabilized, they are heated to a temperature of about 1,830-5,500° F (1,000-3,000° C) for several minutes in a http://www.answers.com/topic/furnace filled with a gas mixture that does not contain oxygen. The lack of oxygen prevents the fibers from burning in the very high temperatures. The gas pressure inside the furnace is kept higher than the outside air pressure and the points where the fibers enter and exit the furnace are sealed to keep oxygen from entering. As the fibers are heated, they begin to lose their non-carbon atoms, plus a few carbon atoms, in the form of various gases including water vapor, http://www.answers.com/topic/ammonia, carbon http://www.answers.com/topic/monoxide, carbon http://www.answers.com/topic/dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and others. As the non-carbon atoms are expelled, the remaining carbon atoms form tightly bonded carbon crystals that are aligned more or less parallel to the long axis of the fiber. In some processes, two furnaces operating at two different temperatures are used to better control the rate de heating during carbonization. Treating the surface * After carbonizing, the fibers have a surface that does not bond well with the epoxies and other materials used in composite materials. To give the fibers better bonding properties, their surface is slightly oxidized. The addition of oxygen atoms to the surface provides better chemical bonding properties and also etches and roughens the surface for better mechanical bonding properties. Oxidation can be achieved by immersing the fibers in various gases such as air, http://www.answers.com/topic/carbon-dioxide, or http://www.answers.com/topic/ozone; or in various liquids such as http://www.answers.com/topic/sodium-hypochlorite or http://www.answers.com/topic/nitric-acid. The fibers can also be coated http://www.answers.com/topic/electrolytic by making the fibers the positive terminal in a bath filled with various electrically conductive materials. The surface treatment process must be carefully controlled to avoid forming tiny surface defects, such as pits, which could cause fiber failure. Sizing * After the surface treatment, the fibers are coated to protect them from damage during winding or http://www.answers.com/topic/weaving. This process is called sizing. Coating materials are chosen to be compatible with the http://www.answers.com/topic/adhesive used to form composite materials. Typical coating materials include epoxy, http://www.answers.com/topic/polyester, nylon, http://www.answers.com/topic/urethane, and others. * The coated fibers are wound onto cylinders called bobbins. The bobbins are loaded into a spinning machine and the fibers are twisted into yarns of various sizes. w.carb.com.

Answer 2

This is a more complex question than you thought it was going to be.

Fiberglass is just what it sounds like: fibers of glass. The formula for glass is SiO2. And if you're doing something like insulating a building or making curtains - fiberglass used to be a very popular drapery fabric because it's fireproof - this is as far as you need go.

The plastic called "fiberglass" is really called "fiberglass reinforced plastic" or FRP in the US, or "glass reinforced plastic" or GRP in Great Britain. It is made by impregnating fiberglass, either chopped-strand or woven cloth, with one of three resins: polyester resin (that comes in two kinds: orthophthalic, which is what you get at the hardware store, and isophthalic, which you go to a boatbuilding store for) vinylester resin, or epoxy. In that order of cost. There are many formulas for each resin.

Answer 3

Straightforward graphite is pure carbon, therefore the empirical formula is C.

Answer 4

Graphite is a form of carbon so the chemical formula is C.

Answer 5

It is simply written as C since graphite does not have actual molecules.

Answer 6

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