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This is really a chemistry topic, although it may sound like nuclear energy. It is to do with valencies, which control how atoms of different substances combine, like sodium chloride for instance. Valencies relate to the location of electrons above the nucleus of an atom. Each electron has an inherent momentum and amount of energy from it's location around the nucleus; like a rollerskate at the top of the stairs has a higher potential energy than one at the bottom of the stairs. The repulsive forces of electrons to electrons and the attractive forces of electrons to protons interact and this causes certain structures in electron location to occur (shells.)** These inter-particle (intra-atom) interactions cause some electron structures have more potential energy than others.

The bonds between protons, neutrons and electrons all vary based on how many are involved, each atom with a different # of nuclear particles has a base energy different than the next element. Some structures of electrons are more likely to give than accept or take away electrons from other elements and this causes the specific chemical interactions to occur.

Heart of the matter is, different energy levels, due to different electron structures, cause different atoms to react to each other; the end result of the interaction to cause the system to reach the lowest energy point (see thermodynamics and theory of entropy.) Also see 'sp3df' electron structures for further detail on energy levels of electrons. ** Note nuclear spin, chirality and other characteristics of elementary particle physics are left to the reader to get more detail on.

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16y ago

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