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Magnesium has atomic number 12 and so has 12 protons in the nucleus and 12 electrons in the neutral atom. It has three stable isotopes with 12, 13 or 14 neutrons. The neutrons have no real effect on the electronic structure.

The ground state consists of the 1st shell of two electrons and the 2nd shell of 8 electrons. The last two electrons begin the 3rd shell and reside in the subshell named 3s.

The last two electrons are the valence electrons.

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