If the atom's outer boundary is established by the "mean radius of the outermost electron orbital" or something like that, the atom is waaaaaaaaaaay over 99% free space. The hydrogen atom has a diameter over 100,000 times the diameter of the proton in it's nucleus.
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Approximately 99.9999999999999% of an atom is empty space, with the majority of the mass concentrated in the nucleus. Electrons orbit the nucleus in this vast empty space.
Rutherford concluded that the atom is mostly empty space with a small, dense nucleus at the center. He also proposed the nuclear model of the atom, where electrons orbit the nucleus in a mostly empty space. This experiment laid the foundation for the modern understanding of atomic structure.
When a neutral atom captures a free electron, it becomes a negatively charged ion. The net charge on the atom is -1.
The conductivity of free space, also known as vacuum permittivity, is approximately (8.854 \times 10^{-12} , \text{F/m}). It represents the ability of free space to transmit electric fields.
Particles that are never present in an atom include free electrons (outside the nucleus), neutrinos, and positrons. These particles do not form part of the structure of the atom itself.
An atom with 5 free electrons is said to be pentavalent.