Application Layer
A Computer pest is a magalant and notorious programe which spread in host computers and servers causing unwanted execution of data, data sending and data altering.
The Network layer is where the frames of the Data Link layer become packets. The best way to think of the Network layer is as the mailroom clerk of the OSI model. The clerk receives mail and directs it to the appropriate couriers. In similar fashion, the Network layer translates the frames it receives from the Data Link layer into more logical packets which can be routed to other networks (like sending it to a courier). At the Network layer, you can begin to actually communicate across a Network, but the service is called "unreliable" because no connection can be established. Communication over the Network layer is something like throwing a message in a bottle into the sea - you cannot verify that the other person ever reads the message. It should be noted that most of what we call "routing" occurs at the network layer - that is, network traffic is routed from one network to another at this layer, allowing for inter-network (as opposed to intra-network) communication.
Each layer in the sending device adds its own information to the message it receives from the above layer and sends it to the layer below it. At layer 1 the entire package is converted to a form to be transmitted to the receiving device. On the receiving device side, the package is unwrapped layer to layer. Each layer removes data meaningful to it and sends the rest to the above layer and so on. Hope this was helpful By nour el houda
The message must travel from your computer to your router. Every computer connected to a network has a network interface card (NIC) with a unique physical address, called a MAC address (for Media Access Control). At the data link level, two more headers are added, one for your computer's NIC address (the source MAC) and one for your router's NIC address. A data link layer structure with destination MAC, source MAC, and data is called a frame. Every NIC selects from the network those frames with its own address as a destination address. The data link layer adds the structure necessary for data to get from your computer to another computer (a router is just a dedicated computer) on your network. Data Link Layer Transformation.
Data link layer
The layer directly above it The layer directly below it The corresponding layer on the receiving computer
The Network Layer. (layer 3)
Don't CHEET (CUD)
presentation layer
A Computer pest is a magalant and notorious programe which spread in host computers and servers causing unwanted execution of data, data sending and data altering.
Yes, a Cell phone is a computer. A computer is something that processes data based on input it receives.
It is true that in data communications the sending device is usually a computer. The main components are transmitter, receiver & antenna and every communication device must have all these three components
A layered network, or a network layer, is the set up of how data is sent over a network. Each layer has it's own responsibility by either capturing the data or routing it to a computer on the network.
Flow Control
Connectionless connection ie Computer A does not care if computer B receives the Packet of data or not, Computer A simply sends the packet to computer B.
A case (desktop?) computer is an input (receives data from keyboard), output (displays data on a monitor or sends to a printer), and storage (when data is stored on a hard-drive).
The trailer protocol is a link-layer encapsulation method that rearranges the data contents of packets sent on the physical network. by : Umesh The trailer indicates where a frame ends. It, along with the header, encapsulates a packet, making it a frame. by: eSeriate