Power frequency volatge is applied for a duration of one minute and as such there would be many cycles of sinusoidal wave form applied during the tets; hence, RMS value is considered.
Whereas LI is a surge and is typically 1.20 micro sec. wave; hence peak is considered.
The term "how strong" is meaningless.Its resistance value will be shown either as coloured bands according to the resistor colour code, as a printed number code, or as a printed part number.Its power rating will be shown either by its size, or by a printed power rating.The maximum voltage it can withstand must be determined from manufacturer data sheets.
Voltage Standby
Obviously, you don't want the voltage to sag. For computer power supplies, you want the power to be even, pure, and clean without any ripple.
The two resistor voltage divider is used often to supply a voltage different from that of an available battery or power supply. In application the output voltage depends upon the resistance of the load it drives.
CC gives only current gain, but no voltage gain; gives only limited power gainCB gives only voltage gain, but no current gain; gives only limited power gainCE gives both voltage and current gain; gives large power gain
BIL is basic insulation level as per you or in other words it would be "basic impulse level" which implies the limit up to which an insulator could withstand impulse due to lightning strikes. Impulse is generated on the insulation due to the high voltage surges and spikes due to lightning strikes. BIL is generally much higher as compared to power frequency withstand voltage. In other words BIL is lightning Impulse withstand voltage. Impulse withstand voltage is the voltage that is generated due to switching operation and it's much higher than power frequency withstand, but BIL or the lightning withstand voltage is a the voltage level that an insulation can withstand during surge or lightning strikes.
The r.m.s of sinusoidal power frequency voltage that the equipment can withstand during tests under specified conditions and for a specified time
A test done on a transformer. The voltage at the power frequency is ramped up to verify the transformer is capable of handling the stresses due to switching and natural phenomena (lighting strikes).Withstand Voltage:The voltage which has to be applied to a test object under specified conditions in a "withstand test" is called the "withstand voltage".
Withstand Voltage : The voltage which has to be applied to a test object under specified conditions in a withstand test is called the withstand voltage ( as per IS:731 and IS: 2099-19631 ) unfortunately i don't know the name of the book, I just know " page 405 , chapter 10 , High-voltage testing of electrical apparatus " the book name is HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (2nd edition ) by Naidu, Kamaraju
it means the rms value of 11 kv that vacuum C.B. can withstand it during 1 minute
The lightning phenomena is occurred on transmission lines or sub-stations due to which a negative wave is generated hence definitely destroy the power apparatus. So for impulse voltage testing of any power apparatus one must produce a negative impulse.
Please refer Chapter 1, Page 2 of "Insulation coordination for power systems" by Andrew R. Hileman that gives a good description of the term BIL and BSL (Basic Switching Impulse Withstand Voltage).
The withstand voltage is the amount of electrical potential, measured in volts, which can safely be applied to an object in various environments, typically dry or damp or wet conditions, at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. The object must still remain functional after the voltage test has been completed. This question refers to a test done in dry conditions. The question also mentions power and frequency, which are attributes which refer to the type of electrical service being used to perform the test. The electrical service may be either alternating current, running at a certain frequency, or direct current.
It's double the frequency of the power source.
P states
It's unclear whether you are asking about frequency or voltage. The frequency and voltage are specified in the relevant national standards, regulations, and legislation. In North America, for example, the residential nominal voltage is 240/120 V at 60 Hz. In Europe, the residential nominal voltage and frequency is 230 V at 50 Hz. By 'nominal', we mean 'named'. National regulations allow these values to vary within specified limits.
A Power Diode is used when a large current is involved which needs a larger junction to dissipate the heat generated. An advantage of using the Power Diode is it is able to withstand high voltage without being damaged. A disadvantage about the Power Diode is that being a large junction it is unable to stand high frequency applications.