Network layer
layer 3
Data link layer
i believe (not quite sure) that it is at the application layer (layer 1)
Hubs and repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI Model. The Physical Layer is the first layer of the OSI Model.
Layer 1 - the physical layer
The subnet mask is associated with the Network layer of the OSI model, which is the third layer. This layer is responsible for routing packets of data across different networks and determining the best path for them. The subnet mask helps in identifying the network portion of an IP address, which is essential for routing decisions within and between networks.
layer 3
Application Layer
Route determination corresponds to the Network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model. This layer is responsible for determining the best path for data to travel across a network, utilizing protocols such as IP (Internet Protocol). Additionally, aspects of route determination can also involve the Transport layer (Layer 4) when considering end-to-end communication and reliability, but it primarily resides in the Network layer.
OSI stands for Open system interconnection model. Application layer is the seventh layer in OSI model.
The network number in an IP address is that portion of the IP address that matches the subnet mask. For instance, if the IP address is 10.11.12.13 and the subnet mask is 255.255.0.0, then the network number is 10.11.0.0. If the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, then the network number is 10.11.12.0. The network layer (layer 2 in the OSI model) in the TCP/IP protocol stack uses the network number to determine if the destination address is directly reachable, or if the frame needs to be routed through the default gateway.
The network number in an IP address is that portion of the IP address that matches the subnet mask. For instance, if the IP address is 10.11.12.13 and the subnet mask is 255.255.0.0, then the network number is 10.11.0.0. If the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, then the network number is 10.11.12.0. The network layer (layer 2 in the OSI model) in the TCP/IP protocol stack uses the network number to determine if the destination address is directly reachable, or if the frame needs to be routed through the default gateway.
Data link layer
Networking layer of the OSI model
In the OSI reference model, that would be layer 3 (network).In the OSI reference model, that would be layer 3 (network).In the OSI reference model, that would be layer 3 (network).In the OSI reference model, that would be layer 3 (network).
Packet switching is considered part of layer 3 of the OSI model.Packet switching is considered part of layer 3 of the OSI model.Packet switching is considered part of layer 3 of the OSI model.Packet switching is considered part of layer 3 of the OSI model.
1. Repeaters (Operate at the OSI Physical Layer).2. Bridges (Operate at the OSI Data Link Layer).3. Routers {and Brouters} (Operate at the OSI Network Layer).