In modern operating systems, programs are isolated from other programs and from the hardware; if they want to interact, they must do so through a piece of code called the kernel. This means that, if one program goes haywire, it can't bring the whole system down. Drivers are pretty much just the parts of the kernel that directly touch the hardware.
It needs to access hardware that is not available otherwise.
Because a kernel is the main component of most computer operating system,it is bridge between application and the actual data processing done at hardware level .The kernel responsibility include managing the system resources. sanjjit------thank you
Usually a device driver facilitates communication between a device and the OS. Device drivers are written in low-level languages such as Assembly or C.
If you run Windows and your controller is a Xbox 360 controller with a USB interface (either official Microsoft ones or compatible third-party ones), it should work right out of the box unless if your game does not support gamepads. For PS3 controllers, you can use JoyinMotion to install the Sixaxis drivers for your version of Windows and to manage the controller. Once that's done, Windows will see your PS3 controller as a working game controller. If you have a Bluetooth interface available on your computer, you can also enable that feature too as well.However, if you run Linux, the process is generally easier unless if the kernel that comes with your distribution does not have the kernel drivers you need for your specific controller. Otherwise, it will work. You will need to have at the very least the command-line utility called xboxdrv. Despite the name, this utility will work with PS3 controllers as well. If you plan on using it wirelessly using Bluetooth, you will need a Bluetooth interface on your computer, and the appropriate Bluetooth extensions for your distribution (typically something like BlueZ). Then you also need to pair your controller while your controller is still connected via USB so that your computer will be able to communicate with the controller on Bluetooth.Once that's done, you can open up a Terminal session and run xboxdrv. In certain case scenarios the kernel driver may interfere with the OS enumerating the controller in /dev/. To avoid that, add the --detach-kernel-driver option when running it. This option will detach the built-in kernel driver and enable raw input.In certain games they don't support raw input (e.g. some games that support Xbox 360-style controllers like Risk of Rain), you can enable the --mimic-xpad option.You can also run xboxdrv in daemon mode (almost equivalent to "running as a service" in Windows).
16-bit protected mode is still used for running legacy applications, eg. DPM compatible DOS extender programs (through virtual DOS machines) or Windows 3.x applications (through the Windows on Windows subsystem) and certain classes of device drivers in OS/2 2.0 and later, all under control of a 32-bit kernel.
kernel
Administrative privileges
Administrative privileges
Administrative privileges
HWiNFO32 requires a kernel driver (shipped in the package) to be installed in order to access hardware. If you run HWiNFO32 for the first time, the program installs this driver automatically.
so the chipset doesn't fry
ALSA drivers are built into the kernel. Virtually every that can be used in Linux already has a driver in the kernel. The fact that you are even looking indicates that your sound card is very likely unsupported.
You can write them in whatever directory you want. You need to compile them with your kernel, however.
OS/distribution dependent, for debian: apt-get install linux-kernel-headersOr you can download the whole kernel-source, which contains the headers as well.
A Kernel is classified into two main types: Monolithic Kernel Micro Kernel
Kernel ModeIn Kernel mode, the executing code has complete and unrestricted access to the underlying hardware. It can execute any CPU instruction and reference any memory address. Kernel mode is generally reserved for the lowest-level, most trusted functions of the operating system. Crashes in kernel mode are catastrophic; they will halt the entire PC.User ModeIn User mode, the executing code has no ability to directly access hardware or reference memory. Code running in user mode must delegate to system APIs to access hardware or memory. Due to the protection afforded by this sort of isolation, crashes in user mode are always recoverable. Most of the code running on your computer will execute in user mode.
Shell Programs
On Windows, those are usually referred to as "drivers." On Mac OS X, they are referred to as "kexts", or "kernel extensions." On Windows, if they are not already built into the kernel, they are called "modules."