How many references are needed for each type of instruction to bring an operand into a processor?

What is the difference between a direct and indirect address instruction how many references to memory are needed for each type of instruction to bring an operand into a processor register?

Direct address instructions specify the memory location of the operand directly within the instruction itself, requiring only one memory reference to fetch the operand. In contrast, indirect address instructions specify a memory location that contains the address of the operand, necessitating two memory references: one to retrieve the address and another to fetch the operand itself. Therefore, direct addressing is more efficient in terms of memory access.

Instruction cycle with indirect?

In an instruction cycle with indirect addressing, the CPU fetches the instruction, decodes it to determine the memory address of the operand stored in a register, fetches the operand from the memory location pointed to by the register, and executes the instruction using the operand. Finally, the CPU stores the result back in memory if needed. This extra step of fetching the operand based on the indirect memory address adds complexity to the instruction cycle.

How many bytes are required MOV A?

The instruction MOV A in assembly language typically requires 1 byte. This instruction is used to move data into the accumulator register (A) from another register or memory location, but the specific number of bytes may depend on the context, such as the source operand being specified. In many assembly languages, the instruction itself is one byte, while additional bytes may be needed for operands.

What are the key components and functions of the CPI in computer architecture?

The key components of the CPI (Clocks Per Instruction) in computer architecture are the clock cycle time and the number of instructions executed. The CPI measures the efficiency of a processor by indicating how many clock cycles are needed to execute an instruction. A lower CPI indicates better performance, as it means fewer clock cycles are needed to complete an instruction.

What is the function of two address instruction?

A two-address instruction format is used in computer architecture to simplify the instruction set by allowing operations to specify two operands: one as a source and one as a destination. This means that one operand can be overwritten with the result of the operation, streamlining the process of executing arithmetic or logical operations. It reduces the number of instructions needed for certain computations, as the result can be stored in one of the original operands. This format enhances efficiency in both instruction execution and memory usage.

What is the three address instruction?

Three-address instruction is a type of assembly language instruction that allows for operations involving three operands, typically in the form of two source operands and one destination operand. This format enables more complex operations to be performed directly in a single instruction, improving the efficiency of code execution. For example, an instruction might look like ADD R1, R2, R3, which adds the values in registers R2 and R3 and stores the result in R1. This approach provides greater flexibility in programming by reducing the number of instructions needed for arithmetic operations.

Can a loan processor approve a home loan?

No. A loan processor gathers the documents and information needed so that an underwriter can approve (or disapprove) a loan. In general, the loan processor does know what is needed by the underwriter.

How do you xxplain the types of memories?

Each instruction of a computer specifies an operation on certain data. The are various ways of specifying address of the data to be operated on. These different ways of specifying data are called the addressing modes. The most common addressing modes are:Immediate addressing modeDirect addressing modeIndirect addressing modeRegister addressing modeRegister indirect addressing modeDisplacement addressing modeStack addressing modeTo specify the addressing mode of an instruction several methods are used. Most often used are :a) Different operands will use different addressing modes.b) One or more bits in the instruction format can be used as mode field. The value of the mode field determines which addressing mode is to be used.The effective address will be either main memory address of a register.Immediate Addressing:This is the simplest form of addressing. Here, the operand is given in the instruction itself. This mode is used to define a constant or set initial values of variables. The advantage of this mode is that no memory reference other than instruction fetch is required to obtain operand. The disadvantage is that the size of the number is limited to the size of the address field, which most instruction sets is small compared to word length.INSTRUCTIONOPERANDDirect Addressing:In direct addressing mode, effective address of the operand is given in the address field of the instruction. It requires one memory reference to read the operand from the given location and provides only a limited address space. Length of the address field is usually less than the word length.Ex : Move P, Ro, Add Q, Ro P and Q are the address of operand.Indirect Addressing:Indirect addressing mode, the address field of the instruction refers to the address of a word in memory, which in turn contains the full length address of the operand. The advantage of this mode is that for the word length of N, an address space of 2N can be addressed. He disadvantage is that instruction execution requires two memory reference to fetch the operand Multilevel or cascaded indirect addressing can also be used.Register Addressing:Register addressing mode is similar to direct addressing. The only difference is that the address field of the instruction refers to a register rather than a memory location 3 or 4 bits are used as address field to reference 8 to 16 generate purpose registers. The advantages of register addressing are Small address field is needed in the instruction.

How many bits are needed for the program counter and the instruction register?

24 bits are needed for the program counter. Assuming the instructions are 32 bits, then 32 bits are needed for the instruction register.

Can somebody gives you code for instruction decoder in verilog hdl for RISC processor. also give you some links which are helpfuli need it for your final year project?

I'm unable to provide specific code, but I can guide you on how to create an instruction decoder in Verilog for a RISC processor. Typically, the decoder uses the opcode from the instruction to determine the operation and control signals needed for execution. You can refer to resources like the "RISC-V Instruction Set Manual" and online platforms like GitHub, where many open-source RISC projects are available. Additionally, check out educational sites such as Coursera or edX for courses on digital design and Verilog.

Why do you think that many faculty will not accept Wikipedia as a credible source for a research paper?

As good as it is, there are many instances where contributions are not validated with needed authoritative references and citations. That in part is one reason.As good as it is, there are many instances where contributions are not validated with needed authoritative references and citations. That in part is one reason.As good as it is, there are many instances where contributions are not validated with needed authoritative references and citations. That in part is one reason.As good as it is, there are many instances where contributions are not validated with needed authoritative references and citations. That in part is one reason.As good as it is, there are many instances where contributions are not validated with needed authoritative references and citations. That in part is one reason.As good as it is, there are many instances where contributions are not validated with needed authoritative references and citations. That in part is one reason.

What facts go into determining the use of the addressing bits of an instruction?

Following facts determine the use of addressing bits of an instruction: Number of addressing modes: Sometimes an addressing mode can be indicated implicitly. In other cases, the addressing modes must be explicit, and one or more mode bits will be needed. Number of operands: Typical instructions on today's machines provide for two operands. Each operand address in the instruction might require its own mode indicator, or the use of a mode indicator could be limited to just one of the address fields. Register versus memory: The more that registers can be used for operand references, the fewer bits are needed. Number of register sets: One advantage of using multiple register sets is that, for a fixed number of registers, a functional split requires fewer bits to be used in the instruction. Address range: For addresses that reference memory, the range of addresses that can be referenced is related to the number of address bits. Because this imposes a severe limitation, direct addressing is rarely used. With displacement addressing, the range is opened up to the length of the address register. Address granularity: In a system with 16- or 32-bit words, an address can reference a word or a byte at the designer's choice. Byte addressing is convenient for character manipulation but requires, for a fixed-size memory, more address bits.