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Distributed computing is the process of taking multiple systems, often not located in the same facility, to remotely execute code or process data and return, then combine the results into the intended outcome.

For example, you can take a complex computational problem and split it into parts, and send the parts to various computers. Being split, each part is easier and quicker to complete, allowing the computers to complete the pieces simultaneously and return the results faster than would be possible with a single computer.

It is typically employed as a more cost-effective method of handling extremely complex computational problems that cannot be completed using traditional mainframes, supercomputers, servers, Beowulf clusters, or singular computers. Usually due to time or money constraints.

The principle works as thus:

A single server with four 8-core CPUs working at 2 GHz would be capable of 64 GHz of computing power. However, this would cost approximately $15,000 or more.

A single desktop computer equipped with a quad-core CPU at 3 GHz would cost only $1,500 and could perform 12 GHz of computations. Six such computers would be 72 GHz, and cost only $9,000.

It is not possible, at this time, to build a computer with more than 4096 CPUs (or at least, it hasn't been done yet). However, there are hundreds of millions of individual desktop computers which can be utilized, through distributed computing, to acheive the same power. Due to overhead and programming constraints, distributed computing is better for this applications.

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