Packet delay is caused by several factors, including propagation delay, transmission delay, queuing delay, and processing delay. Propagation delay occurs as packets travel through the medium, while transmission delay is the time taken to push all packet bits onto the network. Queuing delay happens when packets wait in line at routers or switches due to network congestion, and processing delay is the time taken by devices to process the packet headers and make forwarding decisions. Each of these factors can contribute to the overall delay experienced in data transmission.
End-to-end delay is the time it takes a packet to travel across the network from source to destination. Delay jitter is the fluctuation of end-to-end delay from packet to the next packet.
End-to-end delay is the time it takes a packet to travel across the network from source to destination.Delay jitter is the fluctuation of end-to-end delay from packet to the next packet.
Processing delay Queuing delay Transmission delay Propagation delay
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1. Different data rates provided by traffic channels are low. 2. Authentication and encryption also makes the packet data transmission low. 3. Various interferences and noises from the channel also causes delay.
The network delay is caused by "handshaking" or the connection-based protocol. This requires an answer (acknowledge) from every transmitted packet. Because the sender must wait for an answer before sending the next packet there will be a delay. The receiver has to indicate that the message was received correctly. In addition, if the packet is not received correctly then the sender must transmit it again. All of these can lead to delays.
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Two types of fixed network delays are transmission delay and propagation delay. Transmission delay is the time it takes to push all the packet's bits into the wire, determined by the packet's size and the bandwidth of the link. Propagation delay, on the other hand, is the time it takes for a signal to travel from the sender to the receiver, which depends on the distance between them and the speed of the signal in the medium. Both delays are constant for a given network configuration.
Packet Jitter is the variation in the delay of received packets. At the sender they are sent evenly spaced intervals, but due to traffic congestion, improper queuing or configuration errors they come at unequal intervals.
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PDV stands for packet delay variation. It is a term used in computer networking which is the difference in the end-to-end one-way delay between selected packets in any ignored lost packets.