There are no single Linux distribution that is based on Debian. In fact, there are many distributions based on Debian. This includes the ever-so-popular Ubuntu family, Devuan, AntiX, Crunchbang, and so on.
Debian and Debian-based systems are commonly in use as the most popular Linux distribution family. Ubuntu and derivatives fall under this category as Ubuntu is based on Debian, and Raspbian is an ARM port targeted towards the Raspberry Pi.
No, it is unix-based but Linux is a kernel not an operating system.Ubuntu,Linux Mint,Debian,and puppy Linux,ect. are OS's that use the Linux kernel.
Ubuntu is a community effort and does not have a single maker. It is a distribution that is an off-branch from Linux. Google for "Ubuntu" and "Linux" for more information.
Aptitude is the command used in debian based systems to manage (install, query, remove) packages (aka software).
Windows releases are named by the year they were released up until Windows XP where the enterprise and home-use branches merged, then it was Windows Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, and 10. Linux distributions, there are many as they are not developed by a single entity, though some may be based on another. Examples include Debian, Ubuntu (based on Debian), Fedora, Arch, Gentoo, and so on.
Debian based OS based off Ubuntu 8.04. Slight kernel modifications. Said to be faster than Ubuntu.
Debian is a free Linux distro. It focuses on stability and freedom (as in speech) of software. Debian is distinguished by it's excellent package management system. If you want a solid and stable server, Debian is an excellent choice. If you need more cuting-edge software (the stable versions of Debian are sometimes made fun of for having really old versions of programs), try a distro based on Debian, such as Ubuntu or Sidux.
Ubuntu, Debian, Android, Gentoo.
Yes. It is included in the repositories of Ubuntu and Debian.
Debian, Ubuntu, RedHat, Suse, ...
The Debian website has many sources of information for installing Debian Linux on a Mac with a PowerPC processor such as the eMac's Power PC G4. (See links below)
GNU/Linux? Plenty. Debian, Ubuntu, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Slackware, Fedora, and many more. Non-GNU Linux? Android.