Chicken broth can be used as a substitute for beef bouillon in many recipes, particularly if the beef flavor is not a central element of the dish. The function is the same; the flavor will be different. Use your judgment to decide whether it will throw off the flavor of the whole dish.
Gelatin can be used as a substitute for agar powder in a recipe.
You can substitute fenugreek powder with mustard powder, cumin powder, or curry powder in a recipe.
Paprika or turmeric can be used as a substitute for annatto powder in recipes.
Ground okra can be used as a substitute for file powder in recipes.
Coriander or chili powder can be used as a substitute for cumin in recipes.
Cornstarch or arrowroot powder can be used as a substitute for flour in roux.
One suitable baking powder substitute that can be used in recipes is a mixture of cream of tartar and baking soda.
You can substitute milk powder in recipes with fresh milk, evaporated milk, or condensed milk.
A homemade substitute for baking powder that can be used in baking recipes is a mixture of cream of tartar and baking soda.
You can use a mixture of baking soda and an acid like cream of tartar or lemon juice as a substitute for baking powder.
You can substitute instant espresso powder with instant coffee granules or a strong brewed coffee that has been cooled.
A substitute for curry powder in recipes can be a mix of individual spices like turmeric, cumin, coriander, and ginger.