The index organism of pasteurization is typically Mycobacterium bovis, which is a causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle and can be transmitted to humans through unpasteurized milk. The effectiveness of pasteurization is often measured by its ability to eliminate this organism, ensuring the safety of dairy products. Other heat-resistant pathogens, such as certain strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Coxiella burnetii, are also considered in evaluating pasteurization processes.
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Pasteurisation does not kill all bacteria in the milk. Some bacteria are not killed in the heating process and will start to multiply again after pasteurisation. Cooling after pasteurisation is needed in order to limit the amount of bacterial growth that occurs. Bacteria reproduce very slowly in cold conditions, but very quickly in hot conditions. Cooling is the only preservative that is used after pasteurisation.
1864
PASTEURISATION
Short spans of geologic time
There is none
louis pastuer
The absolute age of the index fossil was determine by radioactive dating or another absolute method
Milk
louis pasteur
Factors that do not contribute to a fossil organism being useful as an index fossil include its geographical distribution, as a widespread organism may not be indicative of a specific time period. Additionally, the size or appearance of the organism is irrelevant; what matters is its rapid evolution and extinction. Furthermore, the presence of the fossil in only one specific environment does not enhance its utility as an index fossil, as it should ideally be found in various settings to indicate a broader temporal range.
None, other than the cost