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After his father's death Pachacuti became sole ruler of the Incan empire. Immediately he initiated an energetic series of military campaigns which would transform the small state around Cuzco into a formidable nation. His conquests in collaboration with Tupac Yupanqui (Pachacuti's son and successor) were so successful that the 9th Incan emperor is sometimes referred to as "The Napoleon of the Andes." When Pachacuti died in 1471, the empire stretched from present-day Chile to the south and Ecuador to the north, including the modern countries of Peru and Bolivia, as well as most of northern Argentina.

Pachacuti reorganized the new empire into the Tahuantinsuyu or "the united four provinces." Under his system, there were four apos, which each controlled one of four provinces (suyu). Below these governors were t'oqrikoq, or local leaders, who ran a city, valley, or mine. By the time of the Spanish conquest of Peru, each apohad around 15 t'oqrikoq below him, but in the beginning there were likely fewer. He also established a separate chain of command for the army and priesthood to establish a system of checks and balances on power.

Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cuzco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city, and as a representation of the empire. Each suyu had a sector of the city, centering on the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin. Each sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties. The Incan and his family lived in the center; the more prestigious area. Many of the most renowned monuments around Cuzco, such as the great sun temple of Coricancha and the "fortress" of Sacsayhuamán, were constructed during Pachacuti's reign.

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